DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF WINDS. 



731 



southerly winds in winter. The following are the percentages in winter on the 

 northern coast of Nova-Zembla. 



N. N. E. E. S. E. S. S. W. W. N. W. 

 15° 55' N., 59° 0' B. 21 It 20 11 14 21 11 4 



Here it seems that the winds blow from the land towards the partially open sea, 

 with its low pressure and high temperature. By winds from the land I mean here 

 local winds from the island itself, as also those from the cold Siberian continent. 



We have seen before that prevailing westerly winds extend to the Jenisei. 

 Farther north and east we have but very few observations. It seems that we have 

 here the region of polar calms in winter. The number of calms increases towards 

 the interior and N. E. of Siberia, till at last there can be said to be no prevailing 

 wind. This is the region of highest pressure in winter, as shown on Plate 14, and of 

 also the greatest cold. Here, unlike the American polar regions, the cold of winter 

 is very permanent, and also high pressure. The cold is not brought by winds, but 

 is generated on the spot by radiation. 



I give below the percentages of winds as observed at some few stations. 





Summer. 



Winter. 1 



si 



m 



20 

 14 



7 

 15 



27 

 40 



26 



11 



4 

 6 



"s 



10 



2 

 



20 



7 



10 

 6 



"4 

 12 



22 

 6 



17 

 13 



8 

 5 



"s 



25 



1 



6 



69 



8 



H 



ai 







2 

 6 



7 



H 

 11 



5 

 8 



5 



m 



13 

 29 



2 

 0.5 



36 



13 

 13 

 0.7 



9 

 7 

 2 

 10 



22 

 25 



8 

 23 



6 



12 



7 



48 



Korennoje Filipovskoje 



6 

 22 



18 

 G 









Korennoje Filipovskoje 



Yacoutak 



Spring. 



Autumn. 



31 



5 



"e "7 



14 fl 



"4 i'9 



3 9 



"3 17 



11 IS 



i'i 



36 



7 10 

 39 5 



5 R 



21 

 9 

 6 



8 

 4 

 4 



9 14 

 14 4 



26i 4l 



16J 91 







_ 





^^ 









- 











_! 



In the first three places, situated' in the vicinity of the Arctic Ocean, there is a 

 decided prevalence of monsoon winds — from the land in winter, from the sea in 

 summer. The mean direction at Nijnikolymsk^ is in — 



Summer, N. 58° E. .48: Winter, S. 16° W. .48: Year, S. 11° E. .25. 



The direction of the winds in autumn and spring is probably nearest to that of 



winter, as may be expected from so high a latitude, where the land is colder than 



the sea a great part of the year. Thus the mean yearly direction is nearly S. The 



direction of winds on the northern coast of Siberia is about the same as on the 



shores of the White Sea (Archangel and Kem) . 



It is diflficult to determine the reason of the frequent N. winds at Yacoutsk, 

 if the air flows towards the Pacific Ocean and is deflected from its true course by 

 the direction of the valley. At any rate, calms are the prevailing feature in win- 



' The detailed calculations on the winds at this phice were published by Spasslsy in his " Sibinski 

 Vjestnik," year 1823. I have used here only the figures given by Wesselowski, p. 231, as I could not 

 obtain the original. 



