DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OP WINDS. 



739 



South of the tropic in India the pressure is so much lower on the land than on 

 the sea, that the yearly direction is S'. or S. W„ with a ratio of resultant, increasing 

 towards the south. 



Calcutta S. 2° E. .16L Madras S. 30° W. .18. Colombo S. 61° W. .29. 



Farther to the west, at Bombay, the mean yearly direction is N. 45 1° W. .42, thus 

 showing a flow of air from the west, or a much higher pressure on the part of the 

 Indian Ocean between India and North Africa, as also seen on Plates 3 and 14. 



As will be shown hereafter, the prevailing winds are also W. and N. W., in Syria 

 and Mesopotamia, especially in summer, but to a less degree in the mean of the 

 year. 



WESTERN ASIA. 



In Western Asia, that is, in the part of the continent west of India and south of 

 the Caucasus and Black Sea, numerous observations of the winds have not been 

 made. Yet they are needed much more than, for example, in India and eastern Asia, 

 because the latter countries have such a marked climatic type that a very few stations 

 are enough to give us an idea of the whole. Not so western Asia, where there is 

 no regularity and uniformity of climate, and where many local causes have influence 

 on the wind at the few stations established there. The following table gives the 

 PERCENTAGES of winds in this resrion: — 



Percentages. 









Summer. 



Winter. i 





W 





H 





^ 





^ 





H 





W 





?:' 





(S 









^ 



^ 



H 



m 



m 



m 



^ 



fe* 



^ 



fe 



p4 



m 



«j 



to 



i 



fe 



Zone 13. 



N. 214. 



Mosul .... 



25 



16 



3 



2 



4 



11 



12 



26 



12 



10 



20 



18 



11 



3 



8 



18 



" 12. 



N. 183. 



Bagdad .... 



















21 



27 



52 







31 







7 



18 



3 







25 



16 



" 12. 



N. 180. 



Beirut .... 



8 



0.8 











2 



27 



34 



27 



14 



2 



O.I 



2 



12 



29 



29 



10 



" 12. 



N. 179. 



Jerusalem .... 



10 



3 



2 



2 



2 



4 



IS 



60 



6 



15 



16 



4 



5 



22 



17 



16 



" 13. 



N. 212. 



Aleppo .... 



3 







0-5 











18 



43 



35 



11 



19 



20 



7 



4 



15 



9 



15 



" 11. 



N. 221. 



Isl. of Ashur-Ade, near Astra- 





































bad, 



B. E. Caspian 



11 



1 



3 



1 



3 



14 



47 



20 



14 



18 



22 



12 



4 



9 



14 



6 



" 11. 



N. 219. 



Lenkoran .... 



2 



15 



9 



31 



16 



18 



5 



5 



12 



18 



2 



5 



4 



20 



17 



23 



" 11. 



N. 217. 



Aralikh .... 



7 



7 



22 



10 



3 



3 



33 



14 



2 



9 



18 



23 



5 



7 



19 



15 



" 10. 



N. 392. 



Tiflis 



14 



3 



8 



18 



10 



3 



li 



38 



17 



4 



9 



9 



5 



2 



11 



41 



" 10. 



N. 387(a) & 388. Eedout-Kaleh&Poti 



0.2 



4 



13 



8 



3 



32 



18 



22 



0.2 



3 



59 



15 



1 



7 



7 



8 



" 10. 



N. 386. 



Trebizonde .... 



1.6 



1-5 



46 



l.i 



1.6 



0.5 



6 



43 



3 







33 







14 



5 



7 



39 



" 11. 



N. 213. 



Erzeroom .... 



4 



7 



47 



6 







3 



22 



11 



14 



21 



27 



8 



3 



3 



19 



6 



" 10. 



N. 379. 



Constantinople . 







76 



0.5 



0.5 







22 



0.5 



0.3 



3 



55 



2 



0-3 



O.S 



37 



1.7 







The first five places have extremely prevailing west and northwest winds in 

 summer — a flow of air towards the depression in Central Asia. At Beirut, Jeru- 

 salem and Aleppo, they may be said to be sea-winds, but this is certainly not the 

 case at Mosul and Bagdad, as the Persian Gulf lies to the S. E. of them. Here the 

 winds in the summer are directed from the land to the sea, as also during the same 

 time at Madras. This movement is thus shown not to be local, caused by the 

 difference of temperature between land and sea, but it is part of the general move- 

 ment towards the depression in Central Asia and India. The meteorological eftects 

 of these winds in Syria and Mesopotamia are very difierent from those of the S. W. 



