SCANDINAVIAN CETACEA. 291 



upwards, their height being considerably greater than their length. They are without perforations. 

 The corpus has not any tubercuhim anticum. The foramen spinale seems to be of a rather 

 variable form. On the skeleton in Lund it tapers downwards, and has indistinct lateral pro- 

 jections. On the atlas found at Heljarp it is wider below, and with distinct projections between 

 the lower and the upper part. The anterior articulating surfaces are separated even below, are 

 large, and extend higher up than the upper edge of the lateral processes. The axis has the 

 lateral processes shorter than in the Balænopieræ, possibly with the exception of B. robtista, 

 in M'hich they are not known. They do not form rings. They consist, however, of two rami, an 

 upper and a lower one, which are united at their points by cartilage. Neither do the lateral 

 processes of the succeeding cervical vertebrae form rings. The last cervical vertebra is entirely 

 without the lower ramus of the lateral processes, and the one next to the last (the 6th) has this 

 ramus only indistinctly indicated. There are 14 dorsal vertebrae ; 11 lumbo-sacral vertebrae ; 

 21 caudal vertebrae ; thus, with the 7 cervical, in all 53 vertebrae.^ There is on each side of the 

 corpus of the 2nd dorsal vertebra, near the hinder edge, a tuberculum or articulating surface 

 covered by cartilage, which seems to have been for the attachment of the capitulum of the 3rd pair 

 of ribs, although the coUum of these ribs is so short that the capitulum does not reach all the 

 way to the articulating surface. The 1st lumbo-sacral vertebra is without a ridge on the lower side 

 of the corpus, but the succeeding vertebrae of this series are ridged at this part ; the ridge on the 

 last is divided by a longitudinal furrow. Some of the posterior dorsal vertebrae have a similar low 

 ridge on the lower side of the corpus. The processus transversi of the 8 anterior dorsal vertebrae 

 are directed forward, although hardly perceptibly on the 8th. They are directed laterally on the 

 9th, on the 10th — 14th, backwards, although very little on the 10th and 14th. They are directed 

 straight out towards the sides on the 1st lumbo-sacral vertebra, forward on the 2nd — 7th, straight 

 out towards the sides on the 8th and 9th, and backwards on the 10th and 11th. The lateral pro- 

 cesses are directed straight out towards the sides on the 1st caudal vertebra, and forward on the 

 succeeding ones. There are 10 processus spinosi inferiores. The sternum is formed like a cross, 

 but the vertical part of the cross, as well as its side branches, are short and obtuse, and it has 

 often a perforation in the corpus, and sometimes a longitudinal ridge on the lower side. Its width 

 is generally, but not always, greater than its length. The anterior part or manubrium is short and 

 broad, and the side branches, or wing-shaped processes, sometimes longer and obliquely trun- 

 cated at the points. The ribs are very thick and broad, particularly the anterior, and are very 

 long. The 1st pair are somewhat dilated at the lower end, which is fixed behind the lateral pro- 

 " cesses of the sternum (Eschricht) ; the others are tapering at this part. The 3rd pair have a con- 

 spicuous tuberculum, collum, and capitulum, but none of the ribs seem to articulate with the 

 corpus of the vertebra. There is, in addition to the usual two ossa pelvis, a smaller rounded 

 bone, united by a ligament to each of these; thus there are tw^o pairs ossa pelvis (Eschricht)." 



^ Rudolphi gives 54 vertebræ, 22 being caudal ; thus one caudal --'ertebra more than the number 

 given above, following Eschricht. The latter author states that the last two caudal vertebrae on the 

 skeleton described by Rudolphi are of wood, and that probably one too many has been added. I 

 counted only 20 caudal vertebræ on the skeleton in Lund, making in all 53 vertebræ, but the last 

 caudal vertebra was probably missing. 



^ Eschricht considers that the smaller pelvic bones show the strongest analogy with the ossa 

 marsupialia of the Marsupial Mammalia ; but it is probably more correct to consider them as rudiments 

 of the hinder extremities. 



