MARKINGS IN LEPIDOPTERA. 107 



have been drawn, and in which, therefore, soirie archaic forms of 

 Papilioninee might be expected to be found. 



Orpheides demoleus is a well-known and very common African 

 butterfly, which has an ocellus both on the costa and on the anal 

 angle of the lower wings, but it is only the lower ocellus that has 

 much red around the pupil ; still I have a specimen with the 

 costal ocellus well marked with red, exactly in the same part of 

 the wing that a similar orange spot is found in Euphoeades troilus, 

 and in all cases the dark centre of the pupil is suffused with red. 

 In the very closely allied Indian species, Orpheides erithonius, 

 I cannot detect any red around the upper ocellus ; the lower has 

 a large patch of that colour, but, regarded as an ocellus, it is 

 indistinct, especially in the males ; indeed, in both these species 

 the costal ocellus is much better defined than that at the anal 

 angle. Both are without tails, and it would seem that the develop- 

 ment of the tails in Papilio, Jasoniades and Euphoeades, destroyed 

 the original bilateral symmetry of the under wings, and reduced 

 the costal ocellus to a mere vestige : and in Iphiclides, where the 

 tails are more developed, even the slight vestige has disappeared. 

 The shape of the wing in this last-mentioned genus is quite 

 different from that of Papilio — the length of the tails seem to 

 have been effected at the expense of the breadth of the wing; 

 indeed, in this respect Iphiclides approaches more nearly to the 

 contour of the wing of Leptocircus. 



A similar remark applies to the Indian genus of Swallow-tails, 

 Pathisa : in P. agetes there are red spots above an obsolete ocellus 

 in the anal angle of the wing, but no red at the upper angle ; in 

 some of the other species even the red at the anal angle has faded 

 into yellow — e. g., P. paphus and P. glycerion, and in P. antiphates 

 the yellow above the pseudocellus has disappeared. 



There is another genus of African Papilioninse possessing 

 large tails, and in the male sex, on the upper wings, there are 

 androconia on the submedian nervure and median nervules clothed 

 with short cotton-like scales. I do not think this genus has been 

 named, but it appropriately might be called Erioptera. In E. 

 ophidicephalus, although a tailed species, the upper ocellus is 

 developed in the lower wing ; but it may be added that, in this 

 species, the ocellus at the anal angle is very largely developed, 

 and that there are indications of a second one above the third 

 submedian nervule. In the very closely allied species, E. me- 

 nestheus, the upper ocellus is absent, and in its place there is a 

 costal red spot, exactly in the same position as the orange spot 

 in EuphcBides troilus, above adverted to. In E. constantinus 

 there is no trace of red in the upper lunules of the under wings. 



The possession of a costal ocellus is very rare in the Papilio- 

 ninse. In Dr. Staudinger's ' Exotische Schmetterlinge,' where 

 nearly a hundred species of this subfamily are figured, the only 



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