“With their tropisms, their rhythms, the adaptive manifesta- 
lions of their differential sensibility—above all with their power 
of transforming habits into automatic actions—the articulates 
are essentially animals of instinct whose activities consist prin- 
cipally of automatisms, but automatisms dominated by cerebral 
power, One can hardly see in them ‘simple reflex machines’, 
for they know how to bend to circumstances, to acquire new 
habits, to learn and to retain, to show discernment. They are, 
one can say, somnambulists, whose minds awaken to give proof 
of intellect when there is need for it.”-—E. L. BOUVIER. 
“‘Instinct precedes intelligence both in ontogeny and phylog- 
eny, and it has furnished all the structural foundations employed 
by intelligence. * * * Since instinct supplied at least the earlier 
rudiments of brain and nerve, since instinct and mind work with 
the same mechanisms and in the same channels, and since 
imstinctive action is GRADUALLY superseded by intelligent 
action, we = compelled to regard instinct as the actual germ 
of mind. 
“‘We are apt to contrast the extremes of instinct and intelli- 
gence—to emphasize the blindness and inflexibility of the one 
and the consciousness of the other. It is like contrasting the 
extremes of light and dark and forgetting all the transitional 
degrees of twilight. * * * Instinct is blind; so is the highest 
human wisdom blind. The distinction is one of degree. There 
is no absolute blindness on the one side and no absolute wisdom 
on the other. Instinct is a dim sphere of light, but its dimness 
and outer boundary are certainly variable; intelligence 1s 0 
the same dimness improved in various degrees. * * * Intelli- 
gence implies varying degrees of freedom of choice, but never 
complete emancipation from automatism. The fundamental 
identity of instincts and intelligence is shown in their depend- 
ence upon the same structural mechanism and in their responswe — 
adaptability.”’—C. O. WHITMAN. 
