56 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis 
males, and females, with a description of the strutting male will 
close this phase of reproduction. 
Fighting —As has been pointed out, territories are estate 
lished very early in the season and after that time all fighting 
between males occurs along those boundaries of their territories 
which are in juxtaposition with those of a neighboring Lark. 
Fighting, prior to the establishment of territories, is promiscu- 
ous. All quarrelling takes place in the air. Never once did I 
see a battle on the ground, though Sutton (1927, p. 133) men- 
tions ‘‘tussles on the ground’’. At the boundary dividing 
opposed territories the two males will most frequently be found. 
Here they remain together, seemingly most friendly and amiable 
except for an occasional sharp call note or a little strut with 
horns up, tails spread, wings adroop. Now and then they will 
approach each other in this attitude and peck away at the 
ground, furiously, like two cock roosters in an intermission of 
battle. But if, for any reason, one male attempts to fly, or if 
an intruder flushes both of them, then up they go, dash against 
each other, tumble over and over, an animated bundle of strug- 
gling feathers. Having indulged in wing to wing combat for 4 
moment they finish off with a most curious game of tit for tat: 
one chases the other for a few feet in the air, invades thus the 
fleeing one’s territory, the pursued promptly turns pursuer and 
in turn gets into his neighbor’s territory, when the game is again 
reversed. So back and forth they go, one now chasing, next 
being chased and if the end of the game depended for its con- 
clusion that neither should be upon the kingdom of the other then 
the ending would never be reached. Finally, however, one tires 
and goes off at a tangent while the apparent victor drops to 4 
song post and there sings his song of triumph. But not for long, 
for soon the other is back at the boundary and friendly enemies 
they become again. For all this activity from March to June, 
so far as I can see, no harm is ever done. 
Reactions of male and female Larks to each other.—The 
female is, at nearly all times, most curiously indifferent to the — 
male. Only once did I see her flutter and crouch before him 
as one observes the female House Sparrow do so frequently: 
The female Lark thus has no courting maneuvers, though Sutton 
(1927) remarks a thing the writer has never observed in spite 
of intense observations, namely that the female answers the 
