Summary 141 
to calls. The female will leave her brooding in typical ‘“con- 
cealment by abandonment” when conditions are appropriate 
as when incubating; likewise she will go from the young in 
“distress simulation” under circumstances as noted above. Pro- 
portionately the number of “concealments by abandonment” 
decreases and “distress simulations” increase slightly. Other 
reactions, which are various primitive expressions of solici- 
tude, or intermediates of the above two, increase proportion- 
ately (see Tables 11 and 13). Perhaps the return of more 
primitive instincts indicates a sum total of greater solicitude. 
Since the female is frequently absent from the nest in food 
foraging, she will come in, as an intruder approaches, with 
calls and cries, 
One or two references in the literature show that the reac- 
tions to dogs is the same as to man, but hens were driven off 
by entirely different methods. 
5. Nest cleaning. The Larks removed all excreta throughout 
the full extent of nest occupancy. Much of the excreta was 
eaten by the adults early in the season and dropped to the 
ground fifty or more feet distant later. It is suggested that 
this seasonal change of habit may have been related to the 
available food supply. The instinct compelling excreta re- 
moval proved itself very strong, at times overcoming strong 
Solicitude for nestlings, and even fear. 
6. Developmental reactions of the young. The young showed 
a psychic development closely related to their rate of growth 
and not to their age. Young which were of the same age or 
but one day younger than their nest-mates often presented a 
psychic development two to four days behind them. This was 
due to uneven feeding which occurred frequently in the early 
Spring, because of uneven hatching or an inadequate food 
Supply. 
Normal nestings give a food response indiscriminately up to 
the fifth or sixth day. Just prior to this time their eyes open. 
Following this they respond not at all or momentarily only. 
They withdraw at a touch from the hand on the sixth day and 
Sink back quietly into the nest in “erouch-concealment” be- 
tween the seventh and ninth days. Upon being removed from 
the nest at this age they sit quietly upon any object upon which 
