195 [ 174] 
the mountains which directly overlook the cascades were tet with the 
freshly fallen snow, while’ it venice to pete beloy | 
Late in the afternoon we finished the por id, ethbarkig’ again,®” 
moved a little distance up the right bank, in o: er x clear the smaller ler rap- 
ids of the cascades, and have a smooth river for the. next ‘mornin 
Though we made but a few miles, the weather impro roved immediately ; 
and though the rainy country and the cloudy mountains were cl 
before us was the bright sky ; 3; So distinctly | is climate here marked bys a. 
mountain boundary. . 
November 17. —We had to. day an wate Oe to complete the Seateh 
of that portion of the river down which we had co me by night, and of which 
I will not give a particular description, which the small scale of our ‘Tap a 
would not illustrate. Many places occur along the river, where the stumps, 
or rather portions of the trunks of pine trees, are standing along the shore, 
and in the water, where they may be seen at a conside rable depth below 
the surface, in at swine clear water. ‘These collections of dead trees 
are called on the Colum ia the submerged forest, and are supposed to have 
- been’ ae ey. the ‘effects of some net othe which forthe the cascades, 
and which, by dam ming up the river, placed these trees under r water and 
sstroyed t it I venture to presume that the cascades are older 
shkdesieteed Pend as these submerged forests occur at five or six placesalong 
the river, I had an opportunity to satisfy myself that they have been 
by immense land slides from the mountains, which here closely shut in the 
river, and which brought down with them into the river the pines of the 
mountain. At one place, on the right bank, I rematked a place where a 
portion of one of these slides seemed to have planted itself, with all the 
evergreen foliage, and the vegetation of the neighboring “hill, directly 
amidst the falling and yellow leaves of the river trees. It occurred to me © 
that this would have . been a beautiful: illustration to the eye of a bota ist. 
- Follov ing the course of a slide, which was very plainly marked along © 
: I found that in the interior Laat the trees were in their usual 
ut é  extre : ey > rocked: 1 
‘ d : ae ae 
arin | ‘day we ne Saran B, sail, anid a at bight bi had a again a aelifhe 
Fo ten ground, and a dry place to sleep upon. 
- “November 18.—The day again was pleasant ar bright. “At 10 otclock 
we passed a rock island, on the zight shore of the river, Sonat & 4 
use as a burial ground; ‘and, halting for a short abo 
beh at set village of 0 ur Indian “tri riends, 
