September 8, 188?.] 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



267 



and vigorous state, and far beyond the average state 

 of these plants in other collections. Many plants 

 of ordinary interest are in bloom ; and others, 

 representing rare things seldom seen, are two good 

 specimens of the handsome Miltonia Peetersiana, 

 supposed to be a natural hybrid between C. Clowesii 

 and C. spectabilis Moreliana; its rosy-purple flowers 

 are much like small M. s. Moreliana, but they are 

 borne several together on upright spikes. The 

 pretty Saccolabium Heni'esonianum, with pink and 

 silvery-white flowers, and the rare scarlet and crim- 

 son Renanthera matutina are also in bloom, as well 

 as a vigorous plant of that richest-coloured and 

 rarest of Cattleyas, C. Hardyana. a supposed natural 

 hybrid between C. aurea and C. gigas. 



THE CALABKIAN PINE. 



Pisus pyrenaica (veea).* — (See fig. 32, p. 268). — 

 The Pinus pyrenaica of English plantations ia 

 now generally considered to be a mere form of 

 the very variable Pinus Laricio, or Corsican 

 Pine, and recognisable among other things by 

 the deep orange colour of the young shoots. But 

 there is another plant which has also received 

 the name of pyrenaica, and to which the appellation 

 should strictly be confined. This is a tree which, 

 on the authority of Parlatore, is a native of the 

 forests of Central and South-Eastera Spain, the 

 mountains of Calabria, the islands of Cyprus 

 and Crete, the Caramanian Taurus, Syria, and 

 Bithynia. Not unnaturally, it has received a variety 

 of names, as generally happens when botanists 

 describe a specimen from one locality without having 

 the opportunity of detailed comparison of specimens 

 from other regions. For our own parts, we have 

 adopted the synonymy given by Parlatore, but for the 

 special synonym of P. brutia we have had personal 

 opportunity of making the necessary comparison. 



The tree in question has been confounded with 

 P. pinaster, as in Veitch's Manual, but from which it 

 differs considerably, with P. Laricio, and with P. hale- 

 pensis. M.Naudin,who kindly furnished the specimen 

 (without a name) whence our illustration (tig. 32) 

 was taken, warned us that this was a species " qu'il 

 nefaut pas confondre avco h P. halepensis." Gay, in 

 a note in the Kew Herbarium, says it differs from 

 P. halepensis in its leaves, which are twice the length 

 of those in halepensis ; in the cones, which are 

 oblong, not ovoid ; and in the scales of the cone, 

 which are depressed, not raised in the centre. We 

 may also add that the stems are less glaucous, and 

 the cones are on much shorter stalks, spreading, not 

 deflected, broader at the base, and with flatter apo- 

 physes. Lambert unfortunately confounded both 

 halepensis and Laricio under his maritima. He sub- 

 sequently corrected the mistake in part, so that 

 t. ix., vol. i., ed. 1, folio, represents Laricio, though 

 called maritima. His t. x., vol. i, shows a detached 

 cone with prominent apophysis = the P. hale- 

 pensis var. 0, of Tenore, while the cone on the branch 

 has a flat apophysis, like brutia. We transcribe our 

 notes taken from M. Naudin's plant, which we have 

 compared with the specimens in the Kew Herbarium 

 and Museum, and in particular with the type speci- 

 mens of P. brutia of Tenore. 



Bark grey. Herbaceous shoots green, naked at the 

 base, marked with prominent pulvini. 



Leaves two, in a very short sheath, 4.V inches long, 

 linear-pointed, concavo-convex, serrulate, with sto- 

 mata on all sides. In section the leaf is boat-shaped 

 with an epiderm of cuboidal cells, beneath which is a 



* Pmus pyremica, Lapeyrouse, Histrire Abregie des PI. des 

 Pyrenees, 8fC, p. 146 (1813); Parlatore, Carriere, Karl Koch, 

 Dewlrologie, ii. (1873), 25)5; Wilkomm and Lange, Prod. FLr. 

 Hisp., i., p. 19; Wilkomm, Forstliche Flora (1887), 236 ; 

 Engelmann, Eevision, p. 180; not of Veitob, Manual. 



P. brutia, Tenore, Sylloge Plant. Vase. Flor. Neapolit. 

 (1831), p. 47 ; et Flor. Nap., v. p. 266, t. 20u (1835) ; Lambert ?, 

 Endlicher, Carriere, Gordon, Ch:ist, Koch, Loudon?, alio- 

 rumqueO). 



P. Loiselenriana, Carriere. 



P. Pallasii, Parolini (1843). 



P. Paroliniana, Webb herb, et Carriere, Visiani, llliist. PI. 



Nor. On. r.ot. Padma, iii., p. 7, t. 1. 



tSi/nonymia, ex Parlatore, in DC. Prod., xvj., sect post, 

 fasc. ii. (1868), p. 384. 



very thick layer of bypoderm (which must give great 

 resisting power to the leaf and adapt it to windy 

 localities). The leaf substance consists of sinuous 

 cells filled with chlorophyll ; through its centre passes 

 the double vascular bundle surrounded by an ellipti- 

 cal-bundle-sheath or endoderm of oval cells filled 

 with starch, and enclosing a "pericycle'' of cellular 

 tissue with masses of woody cells separating the 

 two fibro-vascular bundles. Two resin canals 

 traverse the leaf substance just beneath the hypoderm 

 on the upper surface. This structure is identical 

 with that of Tenore's P. brutia, and of Visiani's P. 

 Paroliniana and of Kotschy,n. 420. It is also the same 

 as P. halepensis, but differs from that of P. pinaster 

 and P, Laricio, with which it has been confounded, 

 but from which the mere inspection of the leaf- 

 section will enable the observer to distinguish it. 



The male catkins are solitary (quere always so?) 

 erect, oblong, about half an inch long, orange- 

 coloured, anther-crest orbicular crenulate. 



Cones lateral, solitary, or in groups of three 

 (Tenore's specimen, showing a large number in a 

 cluster, is accidental), each shortly stalked, spread- 

 ing more or less horizontally ; ovoid, conic, acute, 

 rich shining chestnut brown, 3.V inches long by 2{ 

 in breadth. Scales woody, apophyses rhomboid, 

 Saltish, with a slight transverse ridge and a rather 

 short pyramidal umbo. In the fully-developed cone 

 the upper angle of the scale is often prolonged into 

 a short blunt process. 



What follows is taken from the Pinelum IVo- 

 bunmise, p. 27 : — 



The Calabrian Pine "bears a strong similarity to 

 the P. maritima of Lambert, as well as to the P. 

 halepensis, but is readily distinguished from either of 

 these species by its much longer wavy leaves, which 

 vary from 3 to 5 inches in length, whilst those of the 

 above-mentioned species are seldom above half the 

 size. The cones of the P. brutia are also quite 

 [nearly] sessile, growing in large clusters [or singly] 

 surrounding the stem. A splendid figure of this is 

 given in Mr. Lambert's third volume of his Genus 

 Pinus, in which he says that ' Sprengel has even 

 referred it to P. pinaster, not even allowing it the 

 rank of a variety ; but no two species can be more 

 distinct ; the leaves in pinaster are straight, rigid, 

 twice as stout, and disposed in interrupted verticils ; 

 and the cones are double the size, with the scales 

 elevated and angular. The specimen represented in 

 the plate was obligingly communicated to me by the 

 Hon. William T. H. Fox Strangways, Under Secre- 

 tary of State for Foreign Affairs, who received it 

 from Professor Tenore.' It, however, appears to me 

 to be more nearly allied to the P. halepensis than to 

 any other of the species. The Woburn collection is 

 indebted for this new and valuable Pine to the Right 

 Hon. the Earl of Mountnorris, who, I believe, was 

 the first that raised it from seeds in this country, 

 and kindly sent a couple of plants of it, along with 

 a valuable collection of other plants, to Woburn. 

 It is a native of Calabria (the ancient Brutium), 

 where it attains a considerable size, and produces 

 timber of a very superior quality.'' 



This tree has been highly spoken of for the pur- 

 poses of reafforesting the Karst and the Adriatic 

 coast. M. T. M. 



Cultural Memoranda. 



GAILLARDIAS. 



These are among the most showy of plants, and 

 several of them are of great value for growing in 

 borders, as not only are they striking in the size and 

 colour of their gorgeous flowers, but they last a long 

 time when cut. The finest of all the varieties that I 

 have yet seen is the true G. maximus, which I met 

 with a few days ago in the grounJs of Mr. Thompson, 

 of Ipswich, where it is grown for seed, and the 

 difference between it and G. grandiflora could be 

 seen at a glance. The last-named, however, is a 

 noteworthy kind, and has long been a favourite with 

 many, and no garden of any pretentions should be 

 without the one or the other. G. grandiflora is said 

 to be a hybrid between G. picta and G. cristata ; and 

 besides this there are now several garden crosses, 

 and as the plants breed and seed freely, many more 

 may be expected, but they will have to be good to 

 surpass those mentioned above. Although these 

 Gaillardias are hardy perennials, they will not 



succeed in all soils or live through all winters, and 

 it is a wise plan to treat them as annuals or biennials, 

 and raise fresh ones frequently, as that is the best 

 way to make sure of them being vigorous, healthy, 

 and strong ; or they may be kept satisfactorily by 

 striking fresh ones from cuttings, and the time to do 

 this is in early autumn, when they may be put in under 

 handlights, or in pots, and protected by being shut 

 up in a close frame, in either of which places, if 

 syringed or damped occasionally, they will soon root, 

 but should not be planted out till the spring. J. S. 



Onosmas. 



There are two varieties of this Boragewort 

 that are highly deserving of cultivation, the one 

 being O. tauricum, the " Golden Drop," and the 

 other 0. coccineum, the last, as its specific name 

 implies, bearing bright red flowers, which, though 

 not large, are very showy and telling. The first has 

 long tubular-shaped blossoms of a lovely citron or 

 pale yellow, and these are borne on stout drooping 

 stems from which they depend and make a fine show. 

 The best situation for growing these Onosmas is on 

 an elevated position such as a rock garden affords, 

 as there they may be seen to advantage. 



The easiest way of propagating the first-named is 

 by means of root cuttings, which if put in in sharp 

 sandy soil and kept close under a handliglit will soon 

 root." -/. S. 



Nursery Notes. 



BERGHOLT, COLCHESTER. 



Mr. Frank Cant, of Bergholt, and Mile End Nur- 

 series, Colchester, the winner of the Trophy of 

 the National Rose Society this year, has attained 

 such signal success in the various tournaments of 

 Roses which have been held in the metropolis and 

 the provinces in the last few years — and this, too, in 

 face of the powerful opposition of the longer estab- 

 lished growers — that we were very pleased to accept 

 an invitation to run down and see for ourselves 

 what manner of place it was, and to discover, per- 

 chance, the grounds for the excellence of his flowers. 

 Truly the prominent idea with us before the visit 

 was made was that the Roses would be found to 

 occupy a cosy warm sheltered position, comparatively 

 protected from the ills to which Roses so often fall 

 victims. That idea was soon dissipated on approach- 

 ing the nursery, for a more thoroughly bleak, wind- 

 swept spot could scarcely be found elsewhere. The 

 house at Bergholt is a new one, facing, I believe, 

 S.S.E., without a plantation or anything higher than 

 a well-kept hedge for miles in that direction ; there- 

 fore all cosiness for Rose or man is out of the ques- 

 tion when cold weather prevails. 



The main quarters of the Rose stand a few feet 

 higher than the house, but are as little sheltered as 

 that, and form part of a large field at present under 

 farm crops. One-half the area of Roses is level land, 

 and the other has a gentle slope towards the south ; 

 but there was nothing to indicate that the plants on 

 the slope have any advantage over their brethren on 

 the level. The general goodness of the flowers as 

 observed in exhibition stands, and the robustness of 

 shoot and leaf remarked at the nursery, are evidently 

 due to soil and manuring. The former is a heavy 

 yet friable loam — terrible stuff' to trample about 

 upon after rains, containing numerous stones, and 

 not of the kind which gives out after a short period 

 of sunny weather. Nor does it appear that rain such 

 as we have this year experienced has had any detri- 

 mental effect on the plants ; excepting that it would 

 seemed to have brought about an unexpected and 

 unusual denudation of the foliage itself— a result that 

 would rather seem to be appropriate to a hot dry 

 summer than a dripping one. On Teas many fine 

 blooms were open, and to come, and the growth of 

 the young shoots did not seem to be checked in any 

 great degree by the untimely fall of the old foliage. 



The nursery has much of the appearance of a 

 new enterprise ; the dwelling-house itself stands 

 somewhat back from the road, and is flanked and 



