Decembeb 22, 1888.] 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



737 



Norfolk survey. It was devised by MM. E. Van den 

 Broeck and A. Rutot, Conservators in the Royal 

 Natural History Museum of Belgium, and is described 

 by them with woodcuts and two plates in the Bul- 

 letin de la Sooiite Bclgc de Geologic, $c. ( Memoirs, Sea ncc 

 du 29 Mai, 1888), tome 11, pp. 135—196. 



Its great advantages as experienced in Belgium and 

 by the officers of our own Geological Survey, are that 

 i can be used rapidly, it brings up good samples of 

 the materials pierced, it requires but two men to 



idea was that, entirely abandoning all methods for 

 bringing up a "core," samples of a boring should be 

 obtained in the " worms " of some form of screw- 

 borer. Different objections were found to different 

 forms specially made and tried. The form adopted 

 and now used is that known as a "worm auger," 

 having two spirals commencing and ending on oppo- 

 site sides. It is rather more than 2 inches in diameter 

 and in its length there are five complete revolutions 

 of the spirals, the tip of the borer ending in reflexed 



[Fig. 104. — crat.eocs mexicana vab. carrierii : flowers white flushed with rose, (see f. 736.) 



cvrry and work the apparatus even when a depth of 

 14 or 16 yards has to be bored and that it requires 

 no fixed framework. It is essentially a hand-borer. 

 MM. Broeck and Rutot style it " Vn nottvel appareil 

 portatif de somlaeje pour rcconnaisancc rapide du ter- 

 rain." Although designed for geological work there 

 is much in its easy use to recommend it for readily 

 answering many questions connected with land 

 culture. 



The device does not appear to be registered or 

 in any way " protected," though its present form has 

 been arrived at only by a long series of trials with 

 experimental and now discarded forms. The leading 



"knife edges." The borer terminates a rod, the 

 other end of which is arranged to receive a movable 

 cross-handle. When the borer has been made to 

 penetrate to nearly the depths of the rod of which 

 it forms a part, the handle is removed, and another 

 rod is affixed, and tbe handle put to the top of this, 

 and when this has been worked to its depth another 

 is added, and so on. Experience has shown that the 

 small amount of skill that has to be acquired to work 

 the borer lies almost exclusively in attaining the 

 knack of removing the spiral specimens of material 

 brought up in cases where it is wished to keep an 

 exact record of the sequence in inches. Though 



this may be of importance in geological work in 

 tracing the gradual thinning out of any particular 

 bed, this is not likely to be needed for ordinary 

 borings. 



Those who may wish to have a borer made can, 

 no doubt, receive permission to see one of the Survey 

 instruments by writing to the offices, which are at 

 the Geological Museum, in Jermyn Street, London. 



HAMPTON COURT GARDENS. 



(Continued from p. 692.) 



The next mention of Hampton Court Gardens 

 occurs in the Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII, 

 for 1530 — 1533.* Erom these expenses we gather 

 that Pears (p. 249), Damsons (p. 65), Medlars 

 (p. 176), Cherries (p. 225), Apples, and Strawberries 

 were cultivated in the orchard, and bore fruit 

 abundantly. Cucumbers and Melons (p. 264) were 

 also grown, and we learn that John Chapman 

 supplied the queen with Roses (p. 148) from the 

 flower garden, and the " king's table " with " herbes '' 

 (p. 39) from the kitchen garden. 



In 1533 the gardens underwent considerable altera- 

 tion, and were to a great extent relaid by a gardener 

 named Edward Gryffyth. From the accounts we 

 learn that a commencement was made by digging up 

 the greater portion of the old gardens and levelling 

 the ground. The ground was then manured and 

 carefully measured out into several plots, and these 

 plots were then surrounded by brick walls.t The 

 largest of these plots was made into the 'King's New 

 Garden." 



This garden, from what we can gather from the 

 accounts, appears to have been laid out into a 

 number of square or oblong plots of grass separated 

 by gravel walks. At certain intervals along these 

 walks little mounds were raised, and on these mounds 

 were placed " brasyn sundials." Some fifty-six 

 of these sundials were entered as having been 

 bought for this garden.} The flower-beds were 

 cut in the grass in oblong forms, and were surrounded 

 by rails in a very curious manner. Erom the accounts 

 we learn that 200 posts " for bearing up the rayls," 

 and " 1900 yards in length of rayl '" were bought for 

 this purpose. The posts were driven into the ground 

 at the four corners of the beds, and the rails were 

 fixed on these, whilst the whole of the woodwork was 

 painted with " white and green wrought with fine 

 antic." Each post, also, was surmounted by the 

 "Kinge's or " Queene's beastes" carved in wood. 

 These beasts were the heraldic lions and greyhounds 

 (the lion of Henry VIII and the greyhound of Anne 

 Boleyn), and each had fixed on the top of its head a 

 small " iron vayne." The arrangement of the posts 

 and " rayls," the manner of painting them, and the 

 forms of the " Kinge's and Queene's beasts " may 

 be well seen in the background of one of Henry 

 VIII.'s great family pictures at Hampton Court. 

 Over the rails in this garden were, in all prob- 

 ability, trained Roses, § and trees of Yew, Cypress, 

 and Juniper were planted in the centre of each bed. 

 Around the walls of the garden were planted Apple, 

 Pear, and Damson trees, and under these trees were 

 probably planted the "Violets and Prymroses, Sweet 

 Williams, Gillifer slips, Mynt, and other sweete 

 floweres," mentioned in the accounts as having 

 been purchased for the King's New Garden. This 

 garden occupied the plots of ground now known as 

 the Privy Garden. 



The " Mount," a common feature in the gardens 

 of this period, l| was next taken in hand by thegardener, 

 Gryffyth. It was situated in the southern end of 

 the King's New Garden. At the top of it was built 



* See Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII., edited by 

 N. H. Nicolas. London. 1827. 8vo. 



t Chapter House Accounts, C. }, f. 42. 



I Chapter House Accounts, CJ. f . 118, 169. They cost 4s. id 

 each. 



§ Some 500 are entered on the accounts as having been 

 bought for this purpose. 



|| Lelaud mentions one in the orchard at Wrcsshill Castle, 

 " writhen about in degrees like turnings of cockilshells to 

 come to the top without payn. "—Itinerary, vol. i., f. 60. 



