STETTCTUKE AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MOLLIJSCA. 23 



branclis, whose stomaclis are often remarkably branclied, tbe 

 liver accompanies all the gastric ramifications, and even enters 

 the respiratory papillae on the backs of the eolids. The exist- 

 ence of a renal organ has been ascertained in most classes ; in 

 the bivalves it was detected by the presence of uric acid. The 

 intestine is more convoluted in the herbivorous than in the 

 carnivorous tribes : in the bivalves and in haliotis it passes 

 through the ventricle of the heart ; its termination is always 

 near the respiratory aperture (or the excurrent orifice, where 

 there are two*), and the excrements are carried away by the 

 water which has already passed over the gills. 



Besides the organs already mentioned, the encephalous 

 molluscs are always furnished with well-developed salivary 

 glands, and some have a tudimentary pancreas ; many have also 

 special glands for the secretion of coloured fluids, such as the 

 purple of the murex, the violet liquid of ianthina and aplysia, 

 the yellow of the hullidce, the milky fluid of eolis and the inky 

 secretion of the cuttle-fishes. The gland that secretes this 

 fluid is situated on the mantle. It consists of a thin layer of 

 elongated cells, and is to be found in most gasteropods. The 

 fluid produced appears to have diflerent properties in difl'erent 

 species. Thus in aplysia and some snails it possesses colour at 

 the moment of being secreted; but in others it is colourless, as, 

 for instance, in turbo littoralis and trochus cinerarius. In murex 

 and purpura also it is colourless when secreted ; but on being 

 exposed to the sun it becomes first yellowish and ultimately 

 violet, after having passed through various intermediate tints 

 formed by the mixture of yellow, blue, and red. According to 

 M. Lacaze Duthiers it is probable that the Eomans obtained 

 their purple dye from three or four species of mollusc, such as 

 murex trunculus, and hrandaris, and purpura hcemastoma. A 

 few molluscs exhale peculiar odours, like the garlic- snail {helix 

 alliaria) and eledone TnoscJiata. Many are phosphorescent, espe- 

 cially the floating tunicaries [salpa and pyrosoma), and bivalves 

 which inhabit holes {pJioladidce). Some of the cuttle-fishes are 

 slightly luminous ; and one land-slug, the phosphorax, takes its 

 name from the same property. 



Circulating system. The mollusca have no distinct absorbent 

 system, but the product of digestion {chyle) passes into the 

 general abdominal cavity, and thence into the larger veins ; 



* In most of the gasteropods the intestine returns upon iiself, and terminates on the 

 right side, near the head. Occasionally it ends in a perforation more or less removed 

 from the margin of the apertm-e, as in trcchotoma, fissurella, macrochisma, and 

 dentalium. In chiton the intestine is straight, and terminates posteriorly. 



