78 MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA. 



while 34 are peculiar to the Pacific, and 21 to the Atlantic side 

 of S. America ; an extraordinary amount of diversity, attribut- 

 able partly to the different character of the two coasts — the 

 eastern low, sandy or muddy ; the western rocky, with deep 

 water near the shore.* 



The comparison of the shells of Eastern and "Western America 

 is of considerable interest to geologists ; for if it is true that 

 any number of living species are common to the Pacific and 

 Atlantic shores, it becomes probable that some portion of the 

 Isthmus of Darien has been submerged since the Eocene Ter- 

 tiary period. Any opening in this barrier would allow the 

 Equatorial current to pass through into the Pacific — there 

 would be no more Gulf stream — and the climate of Britain 

 might, from this cause alone, become like that of Newfoundland 

 at the present day. 



Although geological researches seem to show that not only 

 the Isthmus of Darien, but even the Eocky Mountains, were 

 sufficiently submerged during the Miocene Epoch to allow of 

 the free intermingling of the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific, 

 yet the special temperate moUuscan fauna of E. and W. America 

 are very dissimilar. There are no grounds for believing a single 

 species to be identical. There are, however, a large number of 

 species (upwards of 50) living on both sides of the northern por- 

 tion of the continent, and the majority of these exist in the 

 British seas. 



XII. CALiFOBisriAN Peoyince. 



The shells of Oregon and California have been collected and 

 described by Mr. Hinds, t Mr. Nuttall,| Mr. Couthouy, natu- 

 ralist of the American Exploring Expedition ;§ Mr. Cooper, 

 Dr. Gould, Mr. Binney,|l Dr. Kennerley, Colonel Jewitt, and 

 others.^ 



Shells common to U. California and Sitka. (Middendorff.) 



Littorina modesta. Tfochus ater. Trochus emyomphalus. 



„ aspera. „ moestns. Petricola cylindracea. 



Fissurella violacea. „ Fokkesii. Lutraria maxima. 



„ aspera . 



* Voyage dans 1' Amerique Meridionale. 1847, t. v. p. v, 



t Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur ; Zoology by E. B. Hinds, 4to. 1844. 



X Described by T. A. Conrad. Journ. Acad. N. S. Philadelphia, 1834. 



% G-ould in Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, 1846 ; and U. S. Exploring Exped- 

 (Commander Wilkes), vol. xii, MoUusca, with Atlas. 4to. Philad. 1852. 



II Explorations for a railroad route from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. 1856. 



\ P. P. Carpenter on Mollqsca of West Coast of North America. British Association 

 Report for 1863. 



