Hansen (1902).) Atlantic Water flowing through the straits in the 



lower Kara Sea was evidenced by water warmer than CC in the southernmost 



line of stations. 



c. Arctic Water . A salinity of 33.5 to 34.5 %© and a temperature 

 of less than -1.5°C. This water mass is well developed at a depth of 



50 to 75 meters in a number of areas, e.g., stations llA, 1, and 156. 



d. Residual Water . Cold, highly saline, dense water found 

 in the isolated deeps of the East Novaya Zemlya Trough (200 to 300 

 meters at station 1) . 



e. Water entering from the Laptev Sea . Below 20 meters 



at stations 89 and 90. This water had a temperature range of -1.2° 

 to -LA'C, and a salinity range of 32.7 to 34.4 %o . 



f . Arctic Bottom Water . The densest of the water masses 

 found in the Kara Sea with salinities of 34.8 %o and temperatures 

 approaching -I'C. This water mass moves up the slopes of the trenches 

 which incise the continental slope. Arctic Bottom Water was observed 

 at stations 114 and 156 at depths of 600 and 317 meters, respectively. 



4. The Wtist Core Method for Water Mass Determination . Wiist 

 (1964) attempted to trace xjater types based on maximum or minimum 

 values of either temperature, salinity, or oxygen "...the spatial 

 spreading and mixing of the water types from their point sources 

 cannot be deduced from the normal temperature, salinity and oxygen 

 charts plotted for horizontal levels. . .because the core layers of 

 the various x^ater types rise and fall. Therefore, they are only 

 fragmentarily manifested in such horizontal charts...". The method 

 used in this NORTHWIND study consisted of drawing a chart of the maximum 

 temperature values of the survey (Fig. 9). A vertical section of 

 temperature was then constructed along an axis of spreading of warm 

 water (Inset of Fig, 9). Due to shallow depths, no attempt was made 

 to calculate potential temperatures. 



Examination of the water masses by the Wlist Core Method shows 

 the influx of Atlantic Water through the Svyataya Anna and Voronin 

 Troughs. Using the 0''C isotherm as the boundary of the Atlantic 

 Water, the slope of this rising water mass parallels the slope of 

 the bottom. The cold water mass found at a depth of 50 meters is 

 the Polar Water described by Nansen (1902), or in more recent terminology, 

 Arctic Surface Water described by Coachman and Barnes (1962) . Figure 9 

 also shows the relatively warm shallow Atlantic Water brought into 

 the Kara Sea from the Barents Sea. Station 156 (Fig. 9) shows Continental 

 R.unoff at the surface, cold Arctic Water at 50 meters, relatively 

 warm, rising Atlantic Water at 200 meters, and Bottom Water near 

 the bottom. Station 156 also shows (Fig. 8) that mixing of surface 

 water and Arctic Water at 46 meters could not form Atlantic Water 

 at 18 meters because the water at 18 meters does not lie on a straight 

 line betvjeen Continental Runoff and Arctic Water. 



If 



