TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 



I. INTRODUCTION 1 



A. A Brief History of Exploration of the Kara Sea 1 



B . Narrative of the Survey 1 



C . Ice Conditions in the Survey Area 3 



D . Survey Accomplishments 6 



E. Observational and Analytical Techniques 9 



F. Data Analysis and Presentation 12 



II . OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE KARA SEA 14 



A. General 14 



1. Physical Setting 14 



2. Description of Rivers Emptying Into the Kara Sea 16 



3. Description of Water Masses Found in the I^ara Sea.... 16 



4. The Wiist Core Method for Water Mass Determination. .. .19 



5 . Current Data 21 



B . Continental Runoff 22 



C . Atlantic Water 33 



1 . General 33 



2 . Inflow from the Barents Sea 33 



3 . Inflow from the Arctic Ocean 34 



D . Arctic Water 42 



E . Residual T^ater 43 



F . Water from the Laptev Sea 44 



G. Arctic Bottom Water 45 



III. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 45 



IV. BIBLIOGPvAPHY 47 



FIGURES 



1. NAVOCEANO Arctic Surveys from 1961 through 1965 2 



2. Chart Showing Relative Inaccessibility of Kara Sea 4 



3. Track of NORTHWIND, July - October 1965 4 



4 . Ice Conditions of the Survey Area 5 



5. Oceanographic Station Locations in the Kara Sea 7 



6 . Bottom Topography of the Survey Area 15 



III 



