254 D. Mackintosh — Drifts of the Borders of the Lake-district. 



bare fragments of rock, and continue so after becoming covered with 

 certain kinds of vegetation. Where glaciers were able to collect 

 moraines, these screes would supply them, and the re-precipitated 

 screes or moraines would be hillocks, banks, or ridges of bare stones. 

 But in those exceptional cases where ochreous matter, or previously 

 comminuted drift from the tops of cliffs or sides of steep slopes (or 

 matter arising from the chemical decomposition of certain kinds of 

 rocks), might be washed down on the surfaces of glaciers, the 

 moraines would still be distinct in their composition and structure 

 from plateaux and knol-ls of elaborately ground-up pin el, with 

 smoothed, rounded, polished and striated stones and boulders. The 

 term moraine, therefore, ought never to be applied to an accumula- 

 tion of Boulder-clay, unless indeed it be coupled with the word 

 profonde, supposing the writer adheres to the theory that Boulder- 

 clay was formed under land-ice. 



The EsTcdale Granitic Area. — E. of Wast water-foot the granilite 

 runs into, and here and there (between Red Brow and Beckfoot, for 

 instance) alternates with the very coarse-grained granite of the 

 Eskdale fells. The latter is very confusedly crystalline, with much 

 greasy-looking quartz, ill-defined crystals or patches of felspar, and 

 so very little dark mica, that a block of this granite often looks 

 nearly as white as chalk. In many places, as in Muncaster fell, it has 

 more or less of a reddish hue. In Irton Park, between Santon 

 Bridge and Steathwaite, there is a succession of rounded, but no- 

 where distinctly moutonneed granitic bosses, with tails of hard un- 

 washed gravel surmounted by stratified gravel and sand. On tbe 

 S.W. side of Irton Pike there are great masses of stratified and 

 false-bedded gravel and sand overlying rudely stratified pinel with 

 enormous boulders. On going down from Irton Pike to Keyhow, 

 real argillaceous pinel or Boulder-clay may be seen on the road-side. 

 E. of Eed Brow the locally -limited granilite is decidedly moutonneed 

 in the direction of the valley. The cliffs of coarse granite on the 

 N. side of this part of Eskdale, rise to a considerable height, and 

 their bases are strewn with myriads of massive blocks, the successors 

 of as many myriads which were pi'obably floated off during the 

 glacial submergence, and which may now be found scattered as far 

 south as Trescott, near Wolverhampton. There is no vestige of a 

 glacial moraine in the lower part of Eskdale. 



Drifts between Irton, Drigg, and Bavenglass. — Eskdalefell granite 

 has found its way a short distance to the west of a line drawn from 

 Irton to Drigg, where it has been mixed up with Wastdale dark 

 granular felstone and granilite, and to some extent with CriJffell 

 granite. These rocks may be found not only as boulders, but as 

 pebbles imbedded in great knolls of sand. Eed, stiff, hard lower 

 Boulder-clay makes its appearance at the railway-station and on 

 the sea-beach at Eavenglass. East of Muncaster High School there 

 is a great expanse of triturated granite, with many stones of granite, 

 slate, porphyry, sandstone, quartz, etc., rudely stratified and dipping 

 at a greater angle than that of the slope, — the whole suggesting a 

 meeting place of tides or currents. On the east side of the trumpet- 



