256 



A. 8f H, Sell — On the English Crags. 



Some of tlie finest sections of drift in the north of England, though 

 often much obscured by talus, may be seen on the sea-coast adjacent 

 to Blackcombe. (See Fig. 4.) For more than three miles the cliff- 

 line consists of stratified sand, gravel, and Boulder-clay. For at 

 least two miles (walking north from the neighbourhood of Silecroft), 

 the sand attains a thickness of from 100 to 120 feet, exclusive of 

 blown sand. Here and there it contains layers of gravel and sub- 

 ordinate beds of clay. In many places it is capped with upper 

 Boulder-clay. (See Figs. 5 and 6.) Northwards, the upper clay here 

 and there swells out to a great thickness, and the lower brown 

 Boulder-clay rises up to a considerable height above high water- 

 mark. At the most northerly point I visited, the latter terminated 

 abruptly under a series of steeply-inclined beds of sand. (See Fig. 

 5.) The lower clay contains more boulders and is more argillaceous 

 than the upper, excepting where it runs into a bright red clayey 

 loam similar to what may be seen on the beach at Blackpool and 

 elsewhere. The three drifts contain granite, along with many other 

 erratics. 



Fig. 5. Fig. 6, 



4 



2 2 



Sections illustrating tlie mode of occurrence of Drifts on the coast near Blackcombe. 



3. Sand and gravel. 4. tipper Boulder-clay. 



2. Lower Boulder-clay. 



{To he continued.) 



IV. — The English Ckags, and their Steatigkaphical Divisions 



INDICATED BY THEIK INVERTEBRATE FaUNA.^ 

 By A. and E. Bell. 



CEETAIN" opinions have been put forth during the last few years 

 which do not seem to be quite in accordance with some facts 

 which have come to our knowledge in working out systematically, 

 various pits and sections in the Eed Crag district, and we propose 

 discussing in the following paper a few of the more salient points 

 bearing upon the fauna, and the position in time and place of this 

 particular series of deposits. 



In place of the commonly accepted terms Coralline, Eed, and 

 Norwich or Fluvio-marine Crag, we suggest for future use the terms 

 Lower, Middle, and Upper Crags, as both palseontological and strati- 



on the south side of the upper part of Fossbeck, at a height of about 1000 feet, and 

 in a situation where one might almost see the boulders in course of being stranded. 

 One raeasui-ed 8x7x3, another 6x4x3, and a third 10 x 8 x 4. They -were 

 accompanied by a few boulders of other rocks. 



1 Kead before the Geologists' Association April 4th, 1871. 



