314 J. E. Taylor— On the 'Red' and ' Nonvich ' Crags. 



few of the more dangerous and difficult obstacles to investigators 

 being removed, become one of the first attractions which bring so 

 many thousand tourists to this part of England every summer. 



VI. — The Eelation of the Ebd to the Norwich Ckag. 

 By J. E. Taylor, Esq. 



PEEHAPS no question in English Pliocene geology has caused so 

 much inquiry as the exact relation of the Eed and Norwich 

 Crags. The latter term I prefer as more palgeontologically correct 

 than the older one of " Mammaliferous," and it is now becoming 

 generally used. In the year I860 I divided the Norwich Crag into 

 two divisions, an Upper and a Lower, and endeavoured to show that 

 the latter was the true Fluvio-marine Crag, the former being dis- 

 tinguished by its purely marine character, and also by its containing 

 a larger per-centage of Northern shells. This Upper Crag was subse- 

 quently termed the " ChiUesford Crag " by Mr. Searles Wood, and 

 by this name it is usually known. In my paper above mentioned 

 my purpose was to show that this Upper or "ChiUesford Crag" 

 connected the latest of the older crags with the lower Drift-beds. 

 The Fluvio-marine beds were formed along the floor of an estuary, 

 but the Upper Crag was deposited along the sea-bottom, when the 

 same area had been depressed. As a consequence, this Crag had a 

 wider and more extensive geographical development. I was un- 

 aware at this time that Mr. Searles Wood was working at the same 

 subject; and I subsequently found that he, with his usual indefatiga- 

 bility, had arrived at a similar conclusion respecting the Upper bed 

 of Norwich Crag. 



The marked presence of increased numbers of Arctic shells in this 

 stratu.m, and the general absence of fluviatile and land shells, enabled 

 Eastern Counties geologists soon to detect its actual extension. The 

 shell-bed which had, at some distance from Norwich, always gone 

 by the name of "Mammaliferous Crag," was in reality this Upper 

 bed. In this way it was recognized at Horstead, beyond Norwich, 

 and as far south as ChiUesford, in Suffolk. A simple reference to 

 the map will show what a very extensive geographical area is main- 

 tained by this important stratum. 



Eecently it was held by Mr. Searles Wood, sen., that the Eluvio- 

 marine crag of Norwich was nothing more than an extension of the 

 Eed Crag, and of the same age. With this view I am perfectly 

 agreed. The difficulty had long been felt of placing the Norwich 

 Crag in a stratigraphical position. So recently as 1868, when Mr. 

 Prestwich contributed the first of his able memoirs, " On the 

 Structure of the Crag-beds of Norfolk and Suffolk," he stated that 

 the distinction between the Mammaliferous (or Norwich) and Eed 

 Crags was purely palgeontological, and that not a single case of 

 superposition had been discovered. As regards the true Fluvio- 

 marine Crag, this is still the case, and, on Mr. Searles Wood's theory 

 of its being an extension of the Eed Crag, is just what we should 



