412 C. E. Be Ranee —Glaciation of N. W. of England. 



fragment of Niicula Cohholdice, to which some doubt is attached, all 

 the rest of the Wexford shells being living species of ordinary- 

 depths, and of not distant shores. If Nucula Cohholdice, however, be 

 really present in them (not of course as a derivative, as it is in the 

 Aberdeenshire gravel), it would suggest a greater antiquity for those 

 sands than any Glacial bed of the North-west of England or of Scot- 

 land seems to possess. 



If any of the readers of this Magazine have the opportunity of 

 collectmg from the Wexford beds, I should esteem it a favour if they 

 would send anything they can find by post (duly secured against 

 injury) to me at the subjoined address, when they would be care- 

 fully examined by my father and myself, and promptly returned to 

 the sender. 



In conclusion, I should add that the possibility of the shells from 

 the East Anglian Mid-glacial being derivative has been duly weighed ; 

 and for several reasons, intrinsic and extrinsic, which I have not space 

 to set out, that possibility has been rejected as inadmissible. 

 Brentwood, Essex. 



VI. — On the Glaciation of the Nokth-west of England. 



By C. E. De Range, F.G.S., 

 of the Geological Survey of England and "Wales. 



IN bringing the last of a long series of papers on the Surface 

 Drifts of the Lake District of Cumberland and Westmoreland to 

 a close, Mr. Mackintosh sums up the general results at which he has 

 arrived. All will agree with the first of his conclusions, " that land-ice 

 may have planed, smoothed, polished, and striated rock surfaces, and 

 pushed loose debris forward. . . ." But I cannot see his reason for 

 adding, " to the nearest protected situations," for one would expect 

 to find a terminal moraine at the open entrance of a valley, on a 

 plain, or even on what can be proved to have been a true sea-bottom. 



Thus, Mr. Lament, P.G.S., described in 1861 a glacier in Deeva 

 Bay that was separated from its terminal moraine by two miles of 

 water, mostly covered with " fast ice ;" the moraine being three and 

 a half miles long, 200 to 400 yards broad, and twenty to thirty feet 

 in height. As Mr. Lament observed in this bay bones of the whale, 

 of apparently no great age, at an elevation of forty feet above the 

 sea, the whole of this moraine would appear to have been formed 

 under the sea, being pushed along the sea-bottom by the backward 

 weight of the glacier, which formerly extended further than at 

 present, and filled up what is now the space between the " island 

 moraine " and the land. And, in another instance, he observed a 

 glacier extending into the sea, and actually in the process of pushing 

 before it " a huge moraine of mud and debris, the base of which is 

 washed by the sea, . . . ." which becomes muddy "for several miles 

 around." 



All scratched and polished surfaces of rock in situ, now covered 

 by deposits, which, from stratification, the presence of marine shells 

 or of rounded boulders, can be proved to be marine, 1 consider to 



