468 Reviews — Von HocMtetter's European Turkey. 



range of hills of from 600 to 800 metres in heiglit, running in a 

 south-west direction towards the Bay of Saros, They consist of old 

 crystalline rocks, principally rocks of the Phyllite zone, enveloped 

 and overlaid by Eocene Nummulitic limestone and Sandstone. Mica 

 schists or talcose slate, Clayslate and Quartzite (Vignesnel), occur 

 near Axamil. The Peninsula of Gallipoli, and the coast beyond the 

 Straits of the Dardanelles, consist of an extensive formation of 

 Tertiary freshwater deposits (Capt. Spratt). 



4, The StrandscJia Mountains and Timdscha consist principally of 

 Grneiss (micaceous gneiss and hornblende-gneiss, with much crystal- 

 line limestone imbedded), Granite and Syenite. 



5. The Eruptive rochs of the Sub-Ballcanian Territory between Burgas 

 and Jamboli, the country between Jamboli, Karnabat, Aidos, Burgas 

 on the Black Sea, and the Cape Kury Burun at the Gulf of Inada, 

 has witnessed since the beginning of the Cretaceous, and even so 

 late as during the Miocene epoch, a continuous series of Eruptions 

 of basic igneous i^ocks, partly submarine, partly supramarine. We 

 find here hills of brownish red, porphyrite like audesite, and augite, 

 containing audesite and dolerite, which show by their peculiar 

 shape that they are extinct volcanos. They are accompanied by 

 colossal masses of augite, containing tuffs and conglomerates. 

 These conglomerates and tuffs alternate with strata of the lower 

 Cretaceous series with Inoceramus, etc., showing thus clearly the 

 time when the eruptions took place. 



These eastern igneous rocks find their analogy in some eruptive 

 rocks near Sofia, in the so-called Liilun mountains between Sofia and 

 Trn. There, too, the tuff alternates with strata of the Cretaceous 

 formation. Basic rocks also prevail. Just between these two eruptive 

 regions is situated the great dislocation of the Balkany, so that the 

 explanation of this dislocation being caused b}'' the eruption of the 

 audesites and dolerites at once suggests itself to the geologist. 



II. The Balkany and Surbotinding District. — Under this heading 

 Von Hochstetter not only comprises the Haemus of the ancients, but 

 the whole of Bulgaria, as far as the line of Eustschuk-Warna, with 

 the exception of the Dobrudscha, The western limits of this 

 mountain-system would be the valley of the Timok, along the 

 Servian -Bulgarian boundary. The basis of the steep southern slopes 

 of the Balkany form its southern limits. The Balkany is, therefore, 

 not, as hitherto considered, a chain or a continuation of the Ulyrian 

 Alps, but forms an elevated plain, which slopes gently down towards 

 the Danube, but with an abrupt descent towards the south. This 

 latter sharp descent was no doubt originated by a tremendous dislo- 

 cation; causing the portion of the plain, which once extended as far 

 south as the Despoto-Dagh, to sink below the level of the present 

 Balkany. The dislocation may, as already suggested, be exi^lained 

 by the enormous eruptions of audesite and trachyte, which took 

 place during the Cretaceous epoch, and lasted through the Miocene 

 period. This dislocation may readily be traced along a line, which 

 runs between Cape Emineh on the Black Sea, and Pirot or Sharkioi 

 (north-west of Sofia) for a distance of about 240 miles. 



