Reviews — Von Hochstetter's European Turkey. 473 



strata of which are raised up vertically (most probably either Lower 

 Trias or Dyas), Limestone and Dolomite (Upper Trias), Eed Cal- 

 careous marl with augite -porphyry containing PUcatula radiola, Lam. 

 (Gault). 



IV. The Despoto-Dagh oe the Ehodope is, besides the Balkan and 

 the Eoumelian mountains, the third and highest groimd of Eastern 

 Turkey, an excellent example of a massif. The highest point is 

 the Perim-Dagh (2,400 metres) and the Eilo Dagh (3,000 metres). 

 It is an old crystalline continent, which remained so through all 

 geological epochs until the Tertiary time, when the Eocene ocean 

 covered some of the lower Eastern portions. During this latter 

 epoch great Trachytic eruptions took place, and lasted till the 

 Miocene time. Hochstetter distinguishes two Gneiss formations in 

 the Despoto-Dagh, which he compares to the Gneiss formations of 

 Bohemia and Southern Germany ; Crystalline limestone, Granite, etc. 

 The centre of this enormous crystalline massif strikes E.S.E. to 

 W.N.W. No ores of any kind are at present known there, unless 

 small quantities of gold, which are washed out of the alluvium near 

 Balukkioi. 



The Eocene formation in Ehodope is found only in the Eastern part : 

 near Eeredshik (S.), Demotika (E.), Chaskioi (N.) Wherever it 

 occurs, it is in close proximity to the Trachytes of the Ehodope. 



Near Balukkioi, the lowest strata are Eeddish-green Argillaceous 

 Marls, which gradually pass into and alternate with Micaceous 

 Sandstone. Above, coarse Sandstone and conglomerate, Clayish Sandy 

 Limestone, with Vignesnelia lenticularis, Desh., Paludina, Unio, etc. 

 which is overlain by fine-gi'ained Sandstone and Clay-marls. The 

 highest stratum is formed by Nummulite and Coral Limestone. The 

 strata are raised up, and do not lie comformably on their base, which 

 is (according to Vignesnel) formed of Sandstone, Shaly Greywacke, 

 and Argillaceous Limestone [terrain de Transition). 



Yon Hochstetter divides the Eocene formation of the south-east 

 and east Ehodope into two divisions. Lower division : at the base 

 thick layers of conglomerate above clay and sands, often of lacus- 

 trine origin {Vignesnelia, Paludina, etc.). Upper division, of purely 

 marine origin, consisting generally of limestone strata. 



Beds of Lignite, until now unworked, belong to the first division, 

 and are comparable to the Lignite-bearing Cosina beds of Istria, and 

 also to the Eocene formation of Gran and Ofen in Hungary. 



The enormous Trachyte and Trachyte-tuff dykes are part of the 

 long Southern Trachyte chain which reaches from Servia and Bosnia 

 right through Macedonia, Thracia, and fi'om thence through Asia 

 Minor. The Trachytes of Hungary and Transylvania belong to a 

 Northern Trachyte chain, which do not differ much in lithological 

 character, although the first are older (Eocene), w^hilst the Hungarian 

 Trachytes are of Miocene age. 



Miocene Deposits of the Ehodope. — Conglomerates, soft sandstone 

 and sands, argillaceous and marly limestones, most probably be- 

 longing to the Miocene epoch. 



No traces of old glaciers were observed anywhere. 



