﻿J. U, Dakyns — Geology of the West Riding. 347 



tlie second grit, whicli is generally a flagstone ; the third grit, a 

 bold, well-jointed rock ; and lastly, the Kinder Scout grit, which 

 sometimes consists of two beds. In advancing northwards this 

 type undergoes considerable changes ; the second grit becomes 

 merely a basement bed to the rough rock, not always separable 

 therefrom ; the third grit loses its massive character, and other 

 beds of sandstone begin to show themselves amid the shales over- 

 lying the Kinder Scout grit. AVhen one reaches the valley of the 

 Colne, four separate sandstones have developed themselves between 

 the rough rock (locally known as the sand rock) and the recog- 

 nized Kinder Scout grit. This type prevails also in the valley 

 of the Yorkshire Calder ; but is not to be found on crossing the 

 watershed into the basin of the Aire. There the series consists in. 

 descending order, first of the rough rock, which throughout maintains 

 its usual marked character till it is buried beneath the Permian ; 

 secondly, of a very variable basement bed to the last, consisting, 

 when well developed, of valuable flagstones. These are extensively 

 quarried at Nab, above Oxenhope Moor ; and also in an outlier af 

 the Penistone quarries, near Haworth. Below this bed comes a 

 fresh series of variable sandstones and shales. There may be in 

 places as many as fifteen or sixteen distinct sandstones below the 

 basement of the rough rock and the regular Kinder Scout grit. But 

 this set of beds may conveniently be di\'ided into two by means of a 

 conspicuous grit which is continuous Avitli the third grit of Lancashire. 

 This grit forms the bold escai-pment of liallan Hill and Earl Crag, 

 so conspicuous with Wainman's monument on its crest, as seen from 

 the railway between Keighley and Skipton. We may conveniently 

 speak of it as the middle grit. It generally' has three grits between 

 it and the base of the rough rock ; these four beds are presumably 

 the four grits of the Calder and Colne valleys mentioned above. I 

 will now briefly point out the general run of the beds in the basin of 

 the Aire. The rough rock runs in a nearly unbroken manner from 

 the latitude of Penistone, and enters the basin of the Aire above 

 Oxenhope Moor ; its basement flags form the lofty escarpment of 

 Nab, whence may be had a glorious view of the northern fells from 

 Ingleborough on the west to Great Whernside on the east. 



A large fault, i-anging across Thornton Moor in a W.N.W. direc- 

 tion, throws down the Coal-measures of Denholme on the north, 

 from beneath which the rough rock rises to form Black Moor and 

 Brow Moor. Another W.N.W. fault throws the beds up again near 

 Cullingworth, so that Harden Moor, between Bingley and Keighley, 

 consists of an outlier of rough rock, while various members of the 

 third grit series occupy the flanks of the hill. West of the river 

 Worth the rough rock forms, with a dip slope, the wide expanse of 

 Keighley Moor ; but at Exlej'^ Head another W.N.W. fault throws 

 up the beds to the north, so that an outlier of rough rock forms the 

 hill on which is situated Keigliley tarn. Going N.W. from the town 

 we pass successively over the various members of the third grit 

 series. The middle grit can clearly be traced by its massive cha- 

 racter running down to the valley south of Hawkcliff Cotta.ge ; it 



