﻿Prof. Milne — Across Europe and Asia. 389 



than is that of the sands in question, while the relation borne by 

 them to the Chalky clay which rests on them is at least as distinct as 

 is that of the pebbly sands to the overlying Till. Both, however, in 

 our opinion, are not only part of the Glacial formation, but the Till 

 in the one case, and the Chalky clay in the other, are equally con- 

 tinuations of the sand deposits beneath them by change in the 

 material deposited. We may add, also, in opposition to Mr. 

 Eeid's assertion that the climate, as shown by the land animals anrl 

 plants, was no colder than at present, that Sir Charles Lyell 

 (" Antiquity of Man," p. 262) stated that a Swedish geologist recog- 

 nized among the lignite beds of the sands in question the remains of 

 Salix polaris, now only known within the Arctic circle, and of an 

 Arctic moss, Hypniivi turgescens, only found living in temperate 

 latitudes on the extreme heights of the Alps. Most of the land and 

 freshwater shells mentioned by Mr. Eeid, and referred to by him 

 in support of his contention as still living in Norfolk, occur also 

 within the Arctic circle ; and the rest, there can be little doubt, 

 are also denizens of the same regioUj though their presence there has 

 not been actually recorded. Pbrhaps he will go on to tell us what 

 forms of land or freshwater mollusca beyond what are known as 

 from these or from Crag beds would, if present, indicate an Arctic 

 climate. Seven or eight species belonging to. the genera Helix, 

 Pupa, Snccinea, Planorbis, and Lymncea, from Greenland, are given 

 as distinct by MoUer ; but it is very doubtful wether these are any- 

 thing more than well-known temperate-climate species. 



In conclusion, we would observe that if Mr. Eeid's diagram section 

 is correct, the actual sections at and near the termination of the 

 Weybourne cliff must have greatly changed of late years, for it is 

 evident, from Prof. Prestwich's sections of the cliff between Sherring- 

 ham and Weybourne (both those published in his paper, and those 

 besides which were exhibited on its reading, all of which differ from 

 ours only in representing the lowest part of the beds in question as 

 Crag and Chillesford Clay), that during the period of his acquaintance 

 with the cliff near Weybourne, he had not observed in it the some- 

 what thick freshwater bed which 'Mr. Eeid represents as there ex- 

 tending continuously and intervening unconformalDly between marine 

 sands ; and our experience of those sections, except so far as concerns 

 the reference of any part of them to the Crag and Chillesford Clay, 

 is in accord with that of Prof. Ptestwich. 



II. — Across Europe, and Asia. — Tkavelling Notes. 



By Professor John Milne, F.G.S. ; 



Imperial College of Engineering, Tokei, japan. 



(Continued from p. 346.) 



Part III. — Perm to Ekaterinburg and Nijni Tagil. 



Contents. — Perm. — Aross the Urals. — Ekaterinburg — Gold Mines of Beresovsk. — 

 Eide to Nijni Tagil. — Mines of Nijni Tagil. 



PEEM is known to the Eussians like Woolwich is to the English, 

 as being a great cannon manufactory. It is said to employ 4000 

 workmen, and is the largest establishment of the kind in Eussia. 

 To see it one must go about three miles farther up the river. In 



