﻿Section C. — Address hy Mr. W. PengeUy, President. 427 



usual depth of the bed was from 2 to 4 feet, but this was exceeded by 4 oi' 

 5 feet in two localities. 



5th. The Third Bed lay immediately ou an accumulation of pebbles of 

 quartz, greenstone, grit, and limestone, mixed with small fragments of 

 shale. The depth of this, known as the Fourth or Gravel Bed, was unde- 

 termined ; for, excepting a few feet only, the limestone bottom was nowhere 

 reached. There is abundant evidence that this bed, as well as a stalag- 

 mitic floor which had covered it, had been partially broken up and dislodged 

 before the introduction of the Third Bed. 



Organic remains were found in the Stalagmitic Floor and in each of the 

 beds beneath it, with the exception of the Second only ; but as 95 per 

 cent, of the whole series occurred in the Third, this was not unfrequently 

 termed the Bone Bed. 



The Mammals represented in the Stalagmite were Bear, Reindeer, 

 Rhinoceros tichorhinus, Mammoth, and Cave Lion. 



The First Bed yielded Bear and Fox only. 



In the Third Bed were found relics of Mammoth, Rhinoceros tichorhinus, 

 Horse, Bos primigenius, B. longifrons, Red Deer, Reindeer, Roebuck, Cave 

 Lion, Cave Hysena, Cave Bear, Grizzly Bear, Brown Bear, Fox, Hare, 

 Rabbit, Lagomys spelceus, Water-Vole, Shrew, Polecat, and Weasel. 



The only remains met with in the Fourth Bed were those of Bear, Horse, 

 Ox, and Mammoth. 



The Human Industrial Remains exhumed in the Cavern were flint im- 

 plements and a hammer-stone, and occurred in the Third and Fourth 

 Beds only. The pieces of flint met with were 36 in number. Of these, 

 15 are held to show evidence of having been artificially worked, in 9 the 

 workmanship is rude or doubtful, 4 have been mislaid, and the remainder 

 are believed not to have been worked at all (see Phil. Trans, vol. 163, 1«73, 

 pp. 561, 562). Of the undoubted tools, 11 were found in the Third and 4 

 in the Fourth Bed, Two of those yielded by the Third Bed, found 40 feet 

 apart, in two di-stinct but adjacent galleries, and one a month before the 

 other, proved to be parts of one and the same nodule-ioo\ ; and I have 

 little or no doubt that it had been washed out of the Fourth Bed and re- 

 deposited in the Third. 



The Hammer-Stone was a quartzite pebble, found in the upper portion of 

 the Fourth Bed, and bore distinct marks of the use to which it was applied. 



Speaking of the discovery of the tools just mentioned, Mr. Prestwich 

 said in 1859 : — "It was not until I had myself witnessed the conditions 

 under which flint implements had been found at Brixham, that I became 

 fully impressed with the validity of the doubts thrown upon the previously 

 l^revailing opinions with .respect to such remains in caves " (Phil. Trans. 

 1860, p 280) ; and according to Sir C. Lyell, writing in 1863 : — "A sudden 

 change of opinion was brought about in England respecting the probable 

 coexistence, at a former period, of man and many extinct mammalia, in 

 consequence of the results obtained from the careful exploration of a Cave 



at Brixham The new views very generally adopted by English 



geologists had no small influence on the subsequent progress of opinion in 

 France" (Antiquity of Man, pp. 96, 97). 



Bench Cavern. — Early in 1861 information was brought me that an ossi- 

 ferous cave had just been discovered at Brixham, and, on visiting the spot, 

 I found that, of the limestone quarries worked from time to time in the 

 northern slope of Furzeham Hill, one known as Bench Quarry, about half 

 a mile due north ^of Windmill Hill Cavern, and almost overhanging Tor- 

 bay, had been abandoned in 1839, and that work had been recently resumed 

 in it. It appeared that in 1839 the workmen had laid bare the greater 

 part of a vertical dyke, composed of red clayey loam and angular pieces of 

 limestone, forming a coherent waU-like mass, 27 feet high, 12 feet long, 



