376 Reports and Proceedings. 



these animals were intimately associated in the caves of France, Ger- 

 many, and Britain, and so far as we know, the first two appeared 

 and disappeared together and the last two lived on into the Pre- 

 historic age, they did not afford a basis for a chronology. 



The latest of the three divisions of the British Pleistocene fauna 

 is widely spread through France, Germany, and Eussia. from the 

 English Channel to the shores of the Mediterranean. The Middle 

 Pleistocene is represented by a river-deposit in Auvergne, and by a 

 cave in the Jura, in which the presence of the Machcerodus latidens 

 and a non-tichorine Ehinoceros, and the absence of the charac- 

 teristic arctic group of the late Pleistocene and of all the peculiar 

 animals of the eaiiy Forest-bed stage, prove that that era must be 

 Middle Pleistocene. The early Pleistocene division is represented 

 in France by the river-deposit at Chartres, being characterized by 

 the presence of two non-Pliocene animals, Trogontherium and Cervus 

 carnutorum. 



The Pleistocene mammalia of the regions south of the Alps and 

 Pyrenees present no trace of truly arctic species, the Mammoth 

 being viewed as an animal fitted for the climatal conditions both 

 of Northern Siberia and of the southern states of America. It con- 

 tains ElepJias Africanus and Hycena striata. 



The fauna of Sicily, Malta, and Crete differ considerably from 

 that described above, possessing some peculiar forms, such as Hip- 

 popotamus Pentlandi, Myoxus melitensis and ElepJias melitensis. 



The Pleistocene mammalia may be divided into five groups, each 

 marking a difference in the climate, the first embracing those which 

 now live in hot countries ; the second those, which inhabit northern 

 regions, or high mountains, where the cold is severe ; the third 

 those which inhabit temperate regions ; a fourth those which are 

 found alike in hot and cold ; and a fifth, which are extinct. 



There were three climatal zones, marked by the varying range of 

 the animals. The northern, into which the southern forms never 

 penetrated, the latitude of Yorkshire being the boundary of the 

 advance of the southern animals ; the southern, into which the 

 northern species never passed, a line passing through the Alps and 

 Pyrenees being the limit of the range of the northern animals ; and 

 an intermediate area in which the two are found mingled together. 



Two out of the three zones are proved by the physical evidence 

 of the Pleistocene strata. 



We see by the discoveries of Dr. Bryce, Mr. Jameson, and others, 

 that the Pleistocene mammalia must have invaded Europe during the 

 first Glacial period before the submergence, for the Eeindeer and 

 the Mammoth have been found in Scotland under the deposits of the 

 Boulder-clay. Dr. Falconer and others have also discovered the 

 latter animal in the preglacial Forest-bed. The Glacial period 

 can therefore no longer be looked on as a hard and fast barrier sepa- 

 rating one fauna from another. If man be treated as a Pleistocene 

 animal, there is reason to believe that he formed one of the Nortli 

 Asiatic group, which was certainly in possession of Northern and 

 Central Europe in Preglacial times. 



