402 



D. Mackintosh — Seight of Glacial Drift. 



ridges, the piiinel (containing many small blunted or slightly rounded 

 stones, and some glaciated small boulders, but no large angular 

 blocks) often surrounds or is associated with 

 projecting bosses of rock, in the form of 

 small detached or semi-detached hillocks, 



' or groups of hillocks, as in Great Langdale, 



j^ Upper Kydal, and Kentmere valleys, Eas- 



-1 dale and Blind Tarn cwms (Grasmere), 



^■% Dunmail and Kirkstone passes, etc. Clear 



m sections of these abrupt hillocks ^ generally 



= reveal as good pinnel as that composing 



p. the large gently-swelling knolls of the 



t" wider valleys, with this difference that the 



^ hillocks, or rather the hollows between them, 



% are much more dotted with large angular 



2 blocks (including split blocks), which, how- 

 rd ever, are confined to the surface, or to a thin 

 =* covering of loamy debris,^ with the exception 

 g of a few connected with the underlying rocky 

 •g nuclei. The surface-blocks are probably 

 § "droppings" from rafts of coast-ice, or from 

 I small icebergs (derived from high-level gla- 

 ^ ciers) which in general did not float very far 

 -g before parting with their loads,^ as these 

 t blocks are chiefly found in inland or upland 

 g districts at no very great distance from cliffs 

 I which break iip into large fragments. At the 

 I, mouths of cwms (as in the case of Coniston 

 ^ Low Water) on the sides of inland valleys 

 f (as near Seathwaite), there are often ridges, 

 I or rows of angular blocks, which are evi- 

 gi dently the suhaerial moraines of small post- 

 ft marine glaciers, but they belong to a period 

 i distinct from that of the pinnel hillocks 

 -' which most observers have mistaken for 

 g moraines. An eminent Scotch glacialist in- 

 ° clines to agree with me in regarding such 



hillocks as a more abrupt form of Till or 



I Boulder-clay knolls. 



% The red stony loam which generally (not 



3 always) covers the pinnel in the Lake Dis- 

 3* trict, is often the merely weathered part of 

 t the pinnel ; but after a number of observa- 



3 



; ^ I have examined about twenty sections of these 



u pinnel hillocks, the two most complete being near 



I Elterwater Village, and Dunmail liaise Cottage. 



^ 2 This debris has partly determined the shape of 



the smaller and less regular hillocks. 



3 In some instances large surface blocks, as well as 



the smaller boulders imbedded in the underlying drift, 



must have been floated to great distances from the 



Lake District. 



