830 Miss E. Hodgson — The Granite-drift of Furness. 



yet the greater error perhaps would he to say that (with the ex- 

 ception of the last-named) the above are not present in our drift. 

 I refer to this part of my former paper with hesitation, because of 

 the opinion given to me by Professor Sedgwick ; namely, that in the 

 region where I have observed them, they are derived rather from 

 the granite that ranges within the coast-line from Bootle to the foot 

 of Wastwater. It is worthy of remark, however, that he assigns a 

 further reach for the syenites, which he says " have come chiefly 

 from the Buttermere and Ennerdale hills." 



In the hope that the facts I have to record will be as acceptable 

 to Professor Sedgwick as they are convincing to myself that the 

 granite-drift of Furness is derived not only from the above-named 

 nearest granite locality, but also from more distant points of Cum- 

 berland, I will take up the subject where I left it in 1866, and 

 first describe the erratic clays of Hawcoat. In my former paper I 

 was unable to say whether the granite blocks actually entered into 

 these clays. That fact I have now ascertained. Indeed, j.udging 

 from the quantity of granite found around the islands, there is 

 little doubt but that the same deposit forms their upper stratum. 



No very good section presents itself on the Hawcoat shore. 

 Throughout the entire range of cliff, which, from the Hindpool steel 

 works on the south to Scale Haws on the north, may be about four 

 miles, the face is either wholly obscured by a vegetation of gorse, 

 bramble, and sea-grass, or else clothed with it half-way down; 

 while the lower portion is generally hid by that washed from above. 

 There is no undermining, the waste from the top protects the base. 

 In a few places, however, the land drainage has effected wide 

 breaches which admit the spring tides, and here alone can traces of 

 bedding be seen. 



Section near Lodge Green. 



a. Surface, sandy soil — one foot. 



b. Eeddish-brown sandy clay, with few pebbles, sand rather fine, clay not easily 



crushed between the fingers when dry — 3 feet. 



c. Very dark and also light ashy grey mixed clay with numerous small rounded 



pebbles including granite : — partly imbedded, but in places free from clay : 

 this is harder than the above — 6 inches. 



d. Reddish-brown tenacious clay, almost free from pebbles ; this is coated, as indeed 



is much of the clay in -other parts of the clifi', with a glossy bluish film — 

 3 feet 6 inches. 



e. Beach gravels forming the base of Cliff-section. 



The height of the long escarpment may be from 8 to 30 feet, the 

 thickness of deposits is somewhat less. The clays vary a little in 

 colour (perhaps only as they are more or less damp), but the above 

 description would apply pretty nearly to the whole, except that in 

 the material washed down upon the lower face there is less 

 plasticity ; specimens do not indurate so much by drying, and have 

 an uneven or breccia-like fracture. 



The brick-pits inland afford somewhat more satisfactory informa- 

 tion, especially that of Mr. G-radwell, situated within a mile from 

 the cliff, between 50 and 75 feet elevation. Here the clays are 40 

 feet in depth, and rest upon a gravel bed which has been pierced in 



