D. Mackintosh — Geology of the Lake-District. 449 



Valley and Tilberthwaite. The secondary stride run from N.N.W. 

 to S.S.E., or along the side of the valley. (Plate XXIV., 3.) 

 Farther on, behind the Ooniston Copper Works, the rocks have been 

 smoothed and striated downhill from a little W. of N., and on the 

 nearly opposite slope, S. of Pudding Cove, several rocJies moutonnees 

 have been smoothed uphill in about the same direction. The con- 

 figuration of the ground renders it obvious that the N. and S., or 

 nearly N. an,d S., glaciation of the valley under notice could not 

 have resulted from any ice-flow generated within the limits of the 

 Lake District. 



Along the N.E. slope of the valley, below the C(miston Copper 

 Works, pinel lies on glaciated rock-surfaces, and is overlain by a 

 deposit of sand and gravel, the latter sometimes resting on glaciated 

 locks. Stratified sand with gravel here rises to a height of 200 feet 

 above the bottom of the valley, and extends along the side of the 

 valley, as far at least as the Copper Works, with a smooth and con- 

 tinuous surface, excepting where it has been rutted by rain-torrents 

 and permanent streams. It presents fine specimens of oblique lami- 

 nation, and differs in no respect from the middle sand and gravel of 

 the Lancashire plains. Towards the base of the slope it attains the 

 thickness of at least forty or fifty feet. Between the slate quarry (a 

 short distance from the Copper Works) and the mouth of Eeddale, 

 the rounded gravel graduates into sub-angular and angular detritus, 

 which, like a sloping sea-beach, runs up to the bases of the cliffs 

 (about 1,200 feet above the sea), where it differs from recent screes 

 in its being covered with grass. Eounded gravel on this slope may 

 be traced up to 1,000 feet above the sea. The whole of the drift 

 covering of this slope, with its base of pinel, differs from any form 

 of a glacial moraine,, and up to a great height contains striated 

 boulders, sometimes close to the surface. At the bottom of the 

 plateau, near the Copper Works, there is a nearly level expanse of "^ 

 finely-laminated brown loam. It cannot be attributed to the action 

 of the stream which here flows along the plateau, for it has not yet 

 in many places succeeded in cutting a channel through the pinel 

 which covers glaciated rock-surfaces in the lowest part of the valley. 

 In other places, as at the outlet of Eeddale valley, the stream has 

 only got a few feet beneath the level of the glaciated rocks. The 

 laminated loam in some places rises to heights at which the stream 

 could not have flowed since the glaciation occurred, unless in a bed 

 consisting of drift. The laminated loam, however, is not reasserted 

 drift, but is sO' associated with the lowest drift or pinel as to show 

 that both must have been formed at the same period. It runs over 

 the pinel, down into the pinel, is interstratified with the pinel, and 

 runs under the pinel. It looks like the equivalent of the finely- 

 laminated loam associated with lower Boulder-clay I saw on the 

 beach at Blackpool. In both places the laminas are curved and 

 waved to a remarkable extent, and here a long section reveals 

 oblique lamination, subsequent denudation, redeposition, and other 

 indications of current-action. Towards the Coniston Copper Works, 

 the upper boulder-earth above the loam reaches a considerable 



