450 D. Mackintosh — Geology of the Lake-District. 



thickness, and contains large striated stones. Farther N.W. the 

 laminated loam reappears. It may he traced at intervals, inter- 

 woven with pinel, at higher levels, between the Coniston and Paddy 

 End Copper Works. ^ 



The distinction between drift accumulated under water and a 

 suhaerial glacial moraine, may be seen after climbing up to Low 

 Water, which lies in a cwm about 900 feet below the summit of the 

 Old Man. Behind the rocky barrier of the tarn, the water is 

 dammed back by a very conspicuous ridge of loose angular blocks, 

 many of them from 6 to 24 feet in length. (Plate XXIV., Fig. 2). 



In Pudding Oove, below Low Water cwm, there are many loose 

 blocks which may have been partly left by a glacier. But there is 

 one split block resting on a rounded mass of rock, which would 

 appear to have fallen from floating ice (Plate XXIV., Fig. 4). 



Around Windermere. — The larger knolls between Windermere and 

 the lake, and extending in a N.W. direction, consist partly of 

 pinel often covered with foxy-coloured loam, and partly of rock 

 sometimes moutonneed. The smaller knolls are often clothed 

 or half-clothed roches moutonnees. Near the house of Mr. Atkinson, 

 wine-merchant, there is a rounded boss of rock covered with drift, 

 as represented in Figs. 6 and 7, PI. XXIV. It is difficult to conceive 

 how a glacier, capable of grinding a rock uphill, could have left 

 it covered with pinel and loam on the up-stream or N.W. side. In 

 front of The Ferns, Windermere, there is an instance of what may 

 often be observed, namely, a sharp line of demarcation between the 

 hard pinel and foxy-coloured loam. In the churchyard, the roek is 

 smoothly grooved and fluted N. 25° W., and sharply indented N. 

 10° W. Above EUerlay rudely laminated pinel (PL XXIV., Fig. 8) 

 may be seen under a rocky escarpment like an old sea-cliff. Orrest 

 Head, 600 feet above the sea. is to a great extent moutonneed, but no 

 valley glacier, and I believe no district flow of land -ice, could have 

 marched up hill to so great a, height. This must have been still less 

 likely in the case of the higher ridge called School Knott, S.E. of 

 Windermere, which has been moutonneed and grooved from N. 33° 

 W. ; and, like many other moutonneed heights, afterwards scarped 

 by an agency acting irrespectively of the direction of the glacia- 

 tion, and capable of detaching and removing blocks where they 

 could not have fallen. School Knott is a part of a ridge running 

 parallel to other ridges E.N.E. and W.S.W. These ridges and 

 the hollows between them have been glaciated crosswise at nearly 

 right angles. The ridges, therefore, have not been formed by 

 land-ice moving in the direction of their length, and this remark 

 applies to the parallel ridges N.E. of Shap, and elsewhere. Near the 

 Crossings, S.E. of Windermere, after clearing a rock-surface of soil, 

 I found a magnificent display of general or primary smoothing and 

 grooving, crossed by secondary and tertiary striee. (PL XXIV., Fig. 5.) 



From Windermere to Kirstone Pass, through Troutheck Valley. — 

 I took the near road from Windermere, crossed Troutbeck valley, 

 and on ascending the western slope was not surprised to find real 

 ^ Scenery of England and "Wales. 



