D. Mackintosh — Geology of the Lake-District. 451 



pinel clinging to the liill-sides. It sometimes rests under a cliff, as 

 represented in PI. XXIV., Fig. 9. It was quite distinct in its nature 

 and mode of occurrence from fallen debris or screes, though, a part 

 of it may have been reformed out of scree-matter. It contained very 

 few large, and many very small stones considerably rounded. On the 

 eastern slope of the broad and flat watershed between Troutbeck 

 valley and Kirston Pass, there are enormous masses of pinel, sur- 

 mounted by red loam. Here it contains large boulders which, how- 

 ever, appear more numerously scattered over the surface. It often 

 presents an arched form of lamination. Near to the Pass, and at 

 least 1300 feet above the sea, I saw a fine section of very hard pinel 

 consisting of gritty clay and very small rounded stones with arched 

 lamination. No signs of glacial moraines could be detected (during 

 a former visit) in the valley leading from the Pass to Ambleside, 

 though here and there the rocks are covered with drift, which may 

 have been partly derived from moraine-matter. On returning to 

 Windermere through the lower part of Troutbeck valley, I was 

 struck with the enormous accumulations of pinel (surmounted by 

 loam) which in many places, as revealed by river-sections, must be 

 150 feet thick. It either rises into knolls, or more frequently stretches 

 across the valley with a continuously flat surface, excepting where 

 it has been cut through by the river and tributary streams. It 

 rises up the sides of the valley to a considerable height, crosses the 

 high watersheds which communicate with other valleys, and curves 

 continuously round the hill slopes to the right and left of the mouth 

 of Troutbeck valley, so as to graduate into the drift of the N.E. side 

 of the Yale of Windermere, and all this in a manner at variance with 

 the idea of its being unmodified glacial moraine-matter. 



From Windermere to Ambleside and Loughrigg Tarn. — On the road- 

 side, not very far from Low Wood Hotel, I noticed, in a small quarry, 

 the section represented in PL XXIV., Fig. 10. I think it is easiest 

 to conceive of the curving of the laminated slates having been caused 

 by floating ice suddenly grounding and dropping down fine pinel 

 into the vacancy (2), the loamy clay (4) having been afterwards 

 washed in. The well-known rock in Ambleside churchyard has been 

 glaciated from N. 15° W., the jagged side of the boss looking nearly 

 S. There are no superficial accumulations in this neighbourhood, 

 excepting screes and river shingle, which may be regarded as distinct 

 from drift. Near Pull Bay House, on the Hawkshead road, a rock- 

 surface has been glaciated from N. 21° W. About half a mile be- 

 yond Brathay Church, on the N. side of the valley, there are striae 

 from the N.W. crossed by others a little north of W., the former 

 pointing over Loughrigg Fell to Grasmere, the latter to Langdale. 

 Farther on, near Mill Brow, very hard laminated pinel makes its 

 appearance. Near Loughrigg tarn, barely distinguishable striae may 

 be seen running from N.W., and faintly crossed by others pointing 

 N.N.W. The small stream-channel from the tarn has been choked 

 up with drift and boulders. Opposite the tarn, on the roadside, 

 there is a considerable mass of yellowish-brown pinel, with a few 

 stones striated lengthwise. 



