452 B. Mackintosh — Geology of the Lake- District. 



From Windermere to Kentmere. — Kentmere valley is a trough, with 

 a narrow outlet gorge which could scarcely be seen from the moon 

 with the largest telescope yet constructed. The sloping cliffs rise 

 from its inner end to a height of nearly 2,000 feet, and though likely 

 to have showered down quantities of screes on a valley-glacier, no 

 traces of moraines, except perched and scattered blocks, are to be 

 found. In the lower part of the valley, the small and steep-sided 

 mounds are pinel and loam, in some cases tailed on to projecting rocks. 

 On a broad pass between Kentmere and Long Sleddale, I found an 

 instance of rock-grooving due N. and S., or nearly in a line with the 

 dividing ridge, at a height of at least 1,000 feet above the sea. On 

 this pass there is much pinel. Kentmere valley, compared with 

 Troutbeck, contains wonderfully little pinel or drift of any kind. 



From Windermere to Kendal. — Between Windermere and Staveley 

 there are knolls of pinel and loam on the summit-level of a broad 

 pass, from which the ground slopes to the W. and E., and rises to 

 the N. and S., in other words in a position where it is impossible the 

 knolls could have been left by a glacier. Similar knolls may be 

 seen between Staveley and Kendal, between Kendal and Carnforth, 

 etc. To the W. of Ings there is the finest series of roches moutonnees 

 perhaps to be found in the Lake District. They have been smoothed 

 nearly all round, and grooved and striated from between N. 20° W. 

 and N. 30° W. They are partly covered with pinel and loam. On 

 looking northwards the configuration of the ground does not certainly 

 suggest the idea of land -ice having glaciated these large bosses of 

 rock. Among the knolls of drift to the N. E. of Kendal, Meol Bank 

 is particularly worthy of notice. Under the red gravel and loam on 

 which part of Kendal is built, I saw typical yellow pinel exposed in 

 a deep drain cutting. 



Around Penrith. — On the road to Clifton large boulders are cross- 

 striated and grooved in all relative directions, including right-angles 

 — a few limestone and some Shap and greyish granite boulders, but at 

 least nine-tenths of the stones gathered off the fields and broken on 

 the roadside (and this remark applies to the country W. and N.W. of 

 Penrith) are a bluish porphyry, both fine and coarse, which could 

 only have come from the Lake mountains to the S.W., or the Carrock 

 and Caldbeck Fells to the N. W. In either case they must have been 

 floated, otherwise they would have become largely intermixed with 

 the intervening limestone and other rocks. Opposite Brougham 

 Hall, the river Lowther has exposed a section of stratified fine gravel 

 with a little sand, overlain by a great thickness of reddish boulder- 

 clay, with comparatively few stones (PI. XXIV., Fig. 12). E. of the 

 Penrith railway station, a section of variegated but chiefly reddish- 

 brown boulder-clay, very hard, has been exposed by digging a 

 foundation for a house. Near Stainton, hummocks of similar clay 

 underlie an extensive deposit of sand and gravel, the stones and 

 boulders in which are chiefly different from those in the boulder-clay 

 near Penrith. In its lower part there are several large, rough, and 

 angular limestone boulders, which look as if they had been violently 

 uprooted from the limestone rock on which the drift reposes, and 



