D, Mackintosh — Geology of the Lake-District. 453 



immediately covered up. The sand and gravel is extensively false- 

 bedded, and above it there is a thin covering, like a washing of 

 reddish loamy clay of the same kind as that concealing the limestone 

 of the neighbourhood (PL XXIV., Fig. 13). On the right-hand side 

 of the road from Penrith to Grey stoke, a boulder, 6|^ x 6 x 4 feet, 

 stands on end in a field. It is a breccia with included fragments up 

 to 1 foot in diameter, to which it would be difficult to assign a 

 parentage, as it may have come from one of many parts of the Lake 

 district. This remark applies still more to boulders of porphyry. 

 In a sandstone quarry near Bunker's Hill, I found the newly-bared 

 rock distinctly striated N. 1 0° E., a direction about the most unlikely 

 of any which could be assigned to the course of a stream of land- 

 ice. On the W. side of Penrith Beacon (which is covered with sand 

 containing erratics) the strige (not very distinct), on Permian sand- 

 stone, run in the direction of N. 30° W. 



From Penrith to Ulhwater. — Around the foot of Ullswater the 

 drift, so far as can be seen, consists of pinel running into, or inter- 

 stratified with, gravel and sand, and covered with a loam, more or 

 less stony, which runs up and thins out towards the summits of the 

 hills. On the west side of the lake, and south of two conical wooded 

 heights, a flat, beach-like plateau of drift runs up into a lateral 

 recess. On the east side of the lower reach of the lake, the drift 

 runs along continuously with an almost perfectly flat surface, like a 

 tidal zone. JSTowhere around the foot of the lake can the slightest 

 trace of a moraine be found, while N.E. of the outlet the ground is 

 more or less covered with boulder-clay, or with smoothly-swelling 

 expanses of red pebbly loam passing into sand. At the foot of 

 Ullswater the Old Eed Sandstone might be called pinel, were the 

 matrix of the stones and boulders clay instead of sand (PI. XXIV., 

 Fig. 14). It is made up of stones of all sizes, up to 18 inches or 

 more in diameter, resting at all angles, and closely packed in a 

 matrix consisting of ground-up grit, sand, and very small half- 

 rounded pebbles, with seams of the latter rudely laminated. 



From Penrith to Keswick. — All the way from Penrith to Keswick, 

 the railway has been cut chiefly in a reddish or yellowish-brown 

 boulder-clay (No. 2 of the sections), which rises to a height of at 

 least 1300 feet on Matterdale Common. W. of Troutbeck station, if 

 not before, a greyish-blue clay makes its appearance under the 

 brown. It varies from a clayey gravel with many pebbles to a clay 

 with a few good-sized stones and boulders. At least 900 feet above 

 the sea I found the blue clay packed full of small stones as much 

 rounded as on any sea-coast where a second attrition has not come 

 into operation ; and Mr. Ward, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey, 

 gives me leave to state that he has found false-bedded sand and gravel 

 S. of Troutbeck station at an altitude of 1,000 feet above the sea — an 

 altitude corresponding with the upper limit I have assigned to 

 stratified sand and gravel on the slopes near Coniston. Between 

 Troutbeck and Keswick, the blue is seen to be distinctly separated 

 from the brown clay where fresh sections are exposed. The stones 

 in the blue clay are more numerous and more rounded and smoothed 



