454 D. Mackintosh — Geology of the Lake-District. 



than in tlie brown. In both clays there are boulders which generally 

 occur in isolated groups. Among the erratic stones porphyry is 

 common, and here and there large as well as small blocks of syenite 

 from the hill called the Knotts, under Cliff Head, may be found 

 imbedded or lying on the surface. This hill, which is thickly strewn 

 with loose blocks, is very rudely represented in PL XXY., Fig. 17. 

 The syenitic boulders would appear to have been floated chiefly in a 

 north-easterly direction. Between Threlkeld and Keswick the blue 

 clay may be seen rising in hummocks under the brown. The lower 

 part of the S. side of Saddleback is covered with drift, which, in one 

 instance at least, runs up into a cwm (above Doddick). Near 

 Doddick, a brook section reveals the drift as a pinel equivalent, I 

 believe, to the brown clay lower down. The pinel is more or less 

 covered with loam (PI. XXV., Fig. 16). 



From Kesioich to Bowscale Tarn. — After leaving the valley of the 

 Greta, I entered the Glenderaterra ravine, and walked along the N.W. 

 slope of Saddleback to the brink of Bannerdale Crags, which over- 

 hang about the most perfect specimen of a cwm I have yet seen. 

 Its floor is flat and broad, and the cliffs on the W. and S.W. side are 

 probably 900 feet in height. Soon after, on coming suddenly to the 

 brink of Bowscale cwm, a gentleman who accompanied me waved 

 his hat, and exclaimed, "Hurrah, a glacial moraine !" and a moraine 

 certainly seemed to dam back the tarn, which brilliantly reflected the 

 sun's rays (notwithstanding guide-book assertions to the -contrary) 

 about 500 feet below. On scrambling down, we could see no 

 section of the moraine-looking ridge. A great part of the nucleus 

 probably consists of rock or of the outscoopings of the lake-basin, 

 but the blocks on the surface and scattered down the subjacent slope 

 are probably the equivalents of a post-marine corry moraine (PL XXV., 

 Fig. 15). Lower down, the S. side of the Caldew valley is covered 

 with drift, with erratic stones, including Skiddaw granite, which is 

 continued as far as the mouth of the valley, where it graduates into 

 the drift of the great Cumberland plain. Carrock Fell, on the N. 

 side of the Caldew valley, is so thickly and completely covered with 

 loose blocks of porphyry and syenite, that it must have helped 

 largely, during the glacial submergence, to supply the drifts of the 

 neighbourhood, if not of distant areas, with their stony contents. 

 Boulders of Skiddaw granite have been carried down the Caldew 

 valley, and likewise down the Glenderaterra ravine (at the mouth of 

 which, on the side of Lonscale Fell, they may be seen at a consider- 

 able elevation) in a manner which cannot be satisfactorily explained 

 by the agency of land-ice. 



From Keswick to Helvellyn. — On entering Naddle Beck valley, one 

 may see a boss of rock glaciated from the direction of the adjacent 

 slope, instead of pointing towards any valley along which a glacier 

 could easily have come. Between Shoulthwaite and Bridgend grey 

 pinel, covered with foxy-coloured loam, may be seen under a cliff. 

 Beyond, on the watershed, and away from any stream, an extra rounded 

 mass of gravel abuts against a glaciated face of rock. Further 

 on rocks have been glaciated uphill, and still nearer to Bridgend 



