D. Mackintosh — Geology of the Lake-District. 455 



pinel covers up glaciated rock on a steep slope. It is difficult to 

 conceive how a glacier could have found its way to this watershed 

 from above or below, so as to glaciate the above rocks in the positions 

 they occupy, and in the directions indicated. The rocks S. of St. 

 John's Castle rock have been glaciated from the S.S.W., or obliquely 

 uphill. These facts seem to favour the idea of floating ice having 

 been the glaciating agent. On ascending Helvellyn from Stybeck 

 by the steep miner's road, I was able to trace rounded and not merely 

 blunted stones up to at least 1,000 feet above the level of the sea. 

 The ravines on the W. side of Helvellyn have been filled up with 

 drift in which the brooks are re-excavating channels. The foundation 

 of the drift is pinel. On the borders of the flat and wide watershed 

 between Stybarrow Dodd and the Eaise, pinel occasionally shows its 

 yellow face under a capping of peat, and on the summit-level, at a 

 height of 2,500 feet above the sea, I could not convince myself that 

 there were not rounded stones imbedded in a loamy clay, in places 

 where they were exposed by the removal of peat. But assuming 

 that these stones and clay represent the upland extension of the un- 

 doubted Boulder-clay, it is difficult to conceive how land-ice could 

 have deposited them at so great an altitude in such a position. 



From Keswick to Borrow dale. — The foundation of the drift im- 

 mediately around Keswick and to the S., N., and W., is pinel. A 

 good cliff section of it may be seen near Derwent Isle, where it 

 apparently runs under Derwent water. Between the eminence 

 called Castle Head and the base of Wallow Crag, on a watershed 

 nearly 400 feet above the sea, and about 150 feet above the level of 

 the lake, there is a deposit of sand, clay, fine gravel, and pinel, inter- 

 woven, and contorted in a manner that can only be explained by the 

 combined action of ice and water. A section of it is exposed in a 

 shallow pit about a quarter of a mile above the Keswick and 

 Borrowdale road (PL XXV., Fig. 18). On the road from Barrow to 

 Watenlath, pinel surmounted by loam, may be seen covering the 

 hill slope, and presenting the characteristic style of lamination 

 represented in PL XXV., Fig. 20. Further on, a flat rock-surface 

 may be seen glaciated apparently from the north. In Barrow Wood 

 the pinel presents the appearance of having been splashed into the 

 cavities and crevices of the rocks (Plate XXV., Fig. 21). At a great 

 height above Lowdore, the Watenlath road runs under a fine range 

 of cliffs. At their base the rocks in some places have been glacially 

 planed, the striae running N. and S. Near Watenlath Beck the 

 rocks have been moutonneed from the S.E. On walking down 

 towards the Keswick road, above Lowdore waterfall, large bosses 

 of rock may be seen with their jagged sides pointing N.W. and 

 their glaciated sides towards Brown Dodd, which rises abruptly 

 behind them. Before arriving at Grange, one may see rocks 

 glaciated in a direction away from high cliffs which rise abruptly 

 behind, and with their jagged sides pointing to the open country. 

 But such phenomena are far from being rare in the Lake District. 

 Near Grange Bridge, at the base of the rocky escarpment, on the 

 left of the road, thoroughly rounded gravel with seams of sand may 



