456 D. Mackintosh — Geology of the Lake-District. 



be seen running along like a sea-beacli. It graduates horizontally 

 into piael, and is liere and there covered by recent screes from the 

 cliffs above. The gravel contains boulders, and has not been washed 

 like the river-gravel in the neighbourhood. There is no appearance, 

 moreover, of the river having flowed at this level since the glacial 

 period. That the river has been filling up rather than deepening its 

 channel, is evident from the fact that a finely glaciated boss of rock 

 runs under a mass of shingle in the river-bed at Grange Bridge 

 (PI. XXV., Fig. 19). Well-rounded gravel, graduating into pinel, may 

 here and there be seen at the bases of cliffs, or filling up hollows, all 

 the way from Grange to beyond the Bowder-stone. Opposite the 

 Castle Crag, on the roadside, there is a great mass of very hard 

 greyish-brown pinel with stones and boulders. The rocks in the 

 narrow part of Borrowdale have been extensively glaciated and 

 moutonneed from the S., S.W., or S.E. Land-ice may here have 

 played an important part, but the following facts would seem to 

 suggest the action of the sea and floating ice. Under Castle Crag 

 the rocks have not only been moutonneed, but minutely rounded and 

 hollowed as if by wave-action. Beyond the Bowder Stone, abrupt 

 hollows have evidently been ground out irrespectively of the struc- 

 ture of the rock by the whirling round of stones. The roches 

 moutonnees form part of a prominence, the outline of which is com- 

 pleted by a deposit of pinel or loam, which is often on the up- 

 stream side, where land-ice would not be likely to have left it (PI. 

 XXV., Fig, 22). The tops as well as sides of hills (the Brund, for in- 

 stance) are glaciated at a height above Borrowdale, too great to have 

 been effected by a glacier, or ice-stream, proceeding from any con- 

 ceivable part of the country. Beyond Eosthwaite, there is a large 

 deposit of pinel and loam, with stones more or less rounded, which 

 might easily be mistaken for a glacial moraine. From Stonethwaite 

 (where my three visits to Borrowdale terminated),- 1 could plainly 

 see traces of post-marine glacial moraines in Greenup ravine, which 

 might be expected, as it slopes longitudinally, and is backed by a 

 considerable extent of elevated ground. 



From Keswich to Buttermere. — In the neighbourhood of Portinscales, 

 there are large knolls, which consist chiefly of pinel. Towards 

 Bassenthwaite Lake the pinel seems to graduate into reddish brown 

 Boulder-clay, which here and there overlies greyish-blue clay. On 

 the flanks of Skiddaw, above Lyzzack Hall, up to a height of 900 

 feet,^ boulders may be found which must have been floated from a 

 distance of at least four or five miles ; and from the road to Ullock, 

 one may distinctly see a large boulder on the edge of a precipice 

 which must have been floated from behind Barrow, on the east side 

 of Keswick Lake. The N.W. slope of the vale of Newlands ex- 

 hibits very few boulders, and scarcely a surface-block. There 

 is here and there a little pinel, but the general covering of the 

 slope is what may be called a chip-drift, which,, though it may be 

 overlain by recent screes in some places, is generally arranged in a 

 manner suggestive of deposition under water. At the head of the 

 1 Mr. "Ward's Lecture on Ice (Trubner & Co.). 



