D. Mackintosh — Geology of the Lake-District. 457 



valley, north-west of High Eobinson, the slate rocks may be seen 

 striated N. 30° E. Near Buttermere, the glaciation (apparently up- 

 hill) is in the direction of the vale of Newlands. There are con- 

 siderable deposits of bonlder pinel, with its frequent loamy covering 

 along the N.E. side of Buttermere, and in the neighbourhood of 

 Cratesgarth, Between G-atesgarth and Honister Crag, the glaciation 

 has been chiefly in the direction of the narrow valley. 



From Braithwaite up Coledale Valley. — The mouth of Coledale 

 valley has been choked up with innumerable boulders of porphyry, 

 breccia, etc., and they may be traced nearly to the head of the valley. 

 They rise to a height of at least 300 feet above the beck. They 

 must have come from the S.E. or S. of Keswick, to the mouth of the 

 valley whence they were floated up the valley, or they may have 

 passed over the high ridge called Barrow, which bounds the valley 

 on the S.E., when the land was deeply submerged. Though many 

 of these boulders are exposed in the course of the beck, they are a 

 part of an extensive deposit of pinel and loam which, with a con- 

 tinuously flat surface, runs along from the lower end to the head of 

 the valley. From the lower end the deposit spreads out over the 

 adjacent plain. There is no trace of glacial action in this valley, so 

 far as I had an ojoportunity of observing. The drift containing 

 erratic stones up to a height of at least 600 feet above the sea, clings 

 to the very steep N.W. side of the valley, and thins out upwards, as 

 represented in PL XXV., Fig. 25. 



Around CocTcermouth. — In Embleton valley knolls of Boulder-clay 

 and stratified gravel and sand may be seen, especially on or near the 

 watershed. In the jDlain to the west, knolls and plateaux, partly or 

 wholly consisting of stratified and false-bedded sand and gravel, 

 may be found both on elevated ground and in valleys. The Derwent 

 has cut a winding channel among these knolls and plateaux, and re- 

 vealed some extensive sections. Near Camerton, sand and gravel 

 resting on rock lie under a bed of loamy clay, with a few boulders, 

 and sections of sand and gravel may be seen in many other places ; 

 but the principal deposit between the Lake Mountains and the sea is 

 reddish-brown Boulder- clay, which is often underlain by greyish- 

 blue clay running into unwashed gravel. An upper red loamy clay, 

 with few boulders, makes its appearance here and there (as near 

 Camerton), and attains a great thickness on some parts of the sea- 

 coast, as at Maryport, where it rests chiefly on rock. It was probably 

 deposited during a second submergence of the land. The boulders 

 are principally found in the reddish-brown clay, which in some 

 places attains a thickness of at least 100 feet. They are chiefly im- 

 bedded, and along with the smaller stones (which are often very 

 much rounded) consist of grey porphyry both fine and coarse (either 

 from the Caldbeck Fells to the N.E., or the interior of the Lake 

 District to the S.E.), reddish, pinkish, and light-grey syenite 

 (gradually disappearing to the N.W.), quartz from the Skiddaw 

 slate formation, a very hard dark rock locally called whinstone, etc., 

 with very little limestone even where the drift rests on limestone. 

 On the summit of the Moota limestone ridge (north of Cockermouth), 



