212 ENGLISH BOTANY. 



Gloucester, Monmouth, Glamorgan, Pembroke, Hereford, Carnarvon, 

 and Merioneth. 



England. Perennial. Late Summer. 



Stem perennial, woody, tough, simple, leafless below, with an 

 ash-coloured bark, branched above ; branches herbaceous, acutely 

 quadrangular, the angles rough with small deflexed prickles. 

 Leaves varying much in shape, J to 2J inches long; branches of the 

 panicle equalling or exceeding the leaves from which they spring. 

 Corolla pale yellowish-green, \ inch across, deeply cleft, usually 

 into 5 spreading lobes. Stamens very short. Fruit about the size 

 of a buck-shot, black, roundish, containing a single seed, or 

 didymous when there are two. Plant deep-green, glabrous. 



Wild Madder. 



Freuch, Garance Etrangere. German, liulJte. 



The madder-roots of commerce, so valuable for their deep red dye, are supplied by 

 a species of this genus, L'vbia linclorum, a plant differing very little from our wild native 

 species. This dyer's madder comes from the South of Europe, and is cultivated largely 

 for the sake of its roots. Its culture has been tried in England, but as a commercial 

 speculation was unsuccessful, as its price will not compete with that imported from 

 abroad. 



GENUS II— G A L I U M. Linn. 



Calyx-limb obsolete, or of 4> very small teeth. Corolla flat, 

 rotate (or with a very short campanulate tube), 4-partite. Pruit 

 didymous, of 2 globular dry indehiscent cocca, without any remains 

 of the calyx-limb at the top, separating from each other when ripe. 



Herbs with diffuse stems, with the leaves 4 to 12 in a whorl, 

 and axillary peduncles bearing few-flowered cymes of small white, 

 pink, or yellow flowers ; cymes often united so as to form a 

 panicle. 



The derivation of the name of this genus is from yaXa (gala), milk, from its 

 effect in curdling that liquid. 



srECIES I— GALIUM BORE ALE. Linn. 



Plate DCXLVI. 



Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. Vol. XVI L Tub. MCLXXXVI. Fig. 2. 

 Billot, Fl. Gall, et Germ. Exsicc. No. 999. 



Perennial. Stem stiff, erect, glabrous or pubescent, branched 

 throughout, with the branches erect-ascending. Leaves firm, 1 in 

 a whorl, lanceolate-elliptical or cllipiical or strapshaped-elliptical, 

 3-nerved, hairy or rough on the margins and on the veins under- 



