CONIFER. aN i 
or subterminal catkins, reduced to naked stamens: anther-cells 3 to 6, 
attached to the lower edge of a subsessile scale (connective?). Female 
flowers in ovoid catkins, consisting of 3 to 6 scales, each scale bearing 
1 to 3 erect ovules, which are produced into a tube at the apex. 
Fruit a false berry (galbule), formed by the 3 or 6 uppermost scales 
becoming enlarged, fleshy, and completely coherent at maturity, and 
enclosing the seeds. Seeds 1 to 3, angular, not winged, with a bony 
testa; albumen fleshy; cotyledons 2; radicle superior. 
Resinous evergreen shrubs or trees, with naked buds and verticillate 
linear-strapshaped often pungent leaves, or with imbricated minute 
scalelike leaves. Wood cells with disks, but without spiral markings. 
Dr. Mayne gives us the derivation of the name of this genus thus: “as if Jivel- 
nipérus, from jiivénis, young ; pario, to bring forth, because it brings forth new or 
young berries while the old are in a matured state,” 
SPECIESI—JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS. Liu. 
Prates MCCCLXXXII. MCCCLXXXIII. 
Young branches angulated. Buds scaly. Leaves channeled above, 
3 in a whorl, articulated at the base, bluntly keeled beneath, rigid, 
strapshaped, acute, pungent. Galbule subglobose, not exceeding the 
leaves, 3-tuberculate at the apex, purplish-black, pruinose. 
Sus-Srecies 1—Juniperus eu-communis. 
Prats MCCCLXXXTII. 
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. XI. Tab. DXXXYV. Fig. 1141. 
Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. Exsicc. No. 243. 
J. communis, Willd. Auct. Plur. 
J. communis, var. a, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 420. Benth. Handbk. Brit. 
Fl. ed. ii. p. 431. Fries, Summ, Veg. Scand. p. 59. 
Erect. Leaves when mature spreading, straight, strapshaped, 
channeled, insensibly attenuated to the pungent apex. Galbule sub- 
globular, much shorter than the leaves. 
On downs, heaths, hills, and woods. Local, but widely distributed. 
In England it is common in chalk and limestone districts; common 
on moors and the lower parts of mountains in the north. Local, but 
widely distributed in Ireland. 
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Early Summer. 
An erect much branched shrub, 2 to 4 feet high, or rarely more, 
with very numerous spreading branches, and brown flaky bark, the 
young shoots very much angulated. Leaves very numerous, } to % 
VOL. VIII. NN 
