276 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
where it occurs in Wales. Common in the north, extending to Orkney 
and Shetland. Frequent on the Irish mountains. 
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer, early Autumn. 
Perhaps not hereditarily distinct from J. eu-communis, with which 
it is more or less completely connected by intermediate forms. It 
has, however, a very different aspect from its procumbent habit and 
incurved boatshaped leaves, which are commonly about 4 inch long, 
and rarely exceed } inch. The berries are rather longer, but about 
the same size as those of J. eu-communis, but from the leaves being 
much shorter they generally equal, and sometimes even slightly exceed, 
the leaves. 
Alpine Juniper. 
German, Zwerg Wachholder. 
Sus-Orper II].—TAXINEZ. 
Male flowers in catkins. Female flowers solitary, terminal, not in 
the axil of a scale, commonly with the apex or opening of the ovule 
superior. Fruit consisting of a naked seed, surrounded by a fleshy 
cuplike disk. 
GENUS I—T AXUS. Tournef. 
Flowers dicecious. Male flowers in small globular solitary or twin 
axillary catkins, reduced to naked stamens: anther-cells 3 to 8, 
attached to the edges of peltate lobed scales (connective ?). Female 
flowers solitary, with scaly bracts at the base, reduced to an erect 
sessile ovule, surrounded by a disk, not produced into a tube at apex. 
Fruit a bony nutlike seed, the apex of which appears above the 
much enlarged fleshy or juicy red disk, which resembles a drupe with 
the apex of the fleshy portion deficient. Seed ovoid, not winged 
with a bony testa; albumen fleshy-farinaceous ; cotyledons 2; radicle 
superior. 
Evergreen trees with scaly buds and scattered more or less bifarious 
rigid strapshaped leaves. Wood cells with spiral markings as well as 
the disks proper to the Conifer. 
The name of this genus of plants is derived from réfov (toxon), a bow, being for- 
merly much used in making these instruments; or from taxis, arrangement, from the 
leaves being arranged on the branches like the teeth of a comb; or from toxicum, 
poison; though Pliny says that poison (toicwm) was so named from this tree, which 
was considered poisonous. 
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