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PUEBLO DE TOAS. ' 191 



2ncL Euins of buildings eyidently constructed under 

 panisli rule. 



3rd. Euins, the foimdations of wMeh alone remain. 



East of tlie Eio Grande, there are at least four ruined 



>WD. 



■ of the first order deserving of special notice : these 

 are the ruins of Pecos, Quarra, Gran Quiyera, and Aho ; all, 

 Howeyer, contain ruins of Sj)anish as well as Indian origin. 

 The early Spaniards tell us that Pecos was -a fortified town 

 (i- of several stories. It was built upon the summit of a mesa 

 which jutted out into the valley of the stream of the same 

 name, and overlooked the lowlands for many miles in both 



dhcctions. The only conspicuous buildings now t 

 amongst the ruins arc the Spanish chui'ch and the 

 temple. For probably a century the two religions 



side by side ; 



mcensc 



and the fire of Montezinna burned day and night in the 



of the other. The church is a cruciform adobe struc- 

 [le greater nart of the walls of which are still standino:. 



estufa 

 tm-e. 1 



i Montezuma's chmx-h, the ruins of which are almost con- 

 tmuous with those of its rival, is much more decayed; it 

 shows signs of having been at least three stories in 



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estufa is quite perfect, 



The pueblo was called by the early Spaniards "Tiguex," 

 and was the chief town of a district known by the same name. 

 According to Indian tradition, it was built by Montezuma 

 liiniself on his way southward from Toas ; he placed his sacred 

 fire in the estufa, and warned his people that death would come 

 ^pon them if they allowed it to go out. Before leavmg them 

 ^e took a tall tree and planted it in an inverted position, 

 saying that when he should disappear a foreign race would 

 rule over his people, and there would be no ram. ' ' They 

 ^ere not to lose heart, however, imder the foreign yoke, nor 



