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230 NEW TEACKS IN NOETH AMERICA 



manual labour alone — ^tliat is, by canying tlie ore in hand- 

 baskets from the " labores," antl tlie water of the deeper 

 workings in buckets, and by grinding the quartz in the rude 

 ^^arastras/' to wliicli men were yoked — large fortunes were 

 made by the conquerors. The ruins of a large prison at the 

 copper-mines in the Miomhres Mountains^ old mines dis- 

 covered in greater numbers year by year, which have been 

 carefully stopped up, as well as the traditions of the Indians, 

 all show clearly how the Spaniards used their power. 



At last the miserable Pueblos could bear their degradation 

 no longer, and rose throughout the entire country upon their 

 task-masters. Thoroughly detesting the Spaniards, they gave 

 no quarter, and swept them completely from the land. The 

 inhabitants of Santa Fe escaped with their lives down the 

 Eio Grande and founded El Paso^ which was the most 

 northern point retained by the whites. 



The people of Moqui joined with all their other neighbours 

 in the insurrectioUj and renounced the Catholic faith. They 

 were never afterwards brought under subjection, nor was the 

 Cross again planted either there or at Zuni. As regards the 

 other "kingdoms," they were gradually retaken; but not 

 until seven years of hard fighting had thoroughly crushed 

 the inhabitants. We may be tolerably certain that, after 

 massacring their kinsfolk and renouncing Christianity, the 

 Pueblo Indians received no mercy from the Spaniards. 



When peace and Christianity were again restored, a more 

 humane policy seems to have been inculcated from the home 

 government and strongly demanded by the clergy on behalf 

 of their poor brethren. As early as the year 1551 we find 

 statutes amongst the laws of Spain laying down, ' ' in the first 

 place, what means are most suitable for the instruction of the 

 Indians in the Holy Catholic Faith," kc; and in the second 



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