50 



Hints to Audubon Workers. 



meadowlark.) Females generally duller, and in some 

 cases smaller than males. Bills and claws, strong; 

 bills long and conical. (Exceptions, bobolink and 

 cowbird, whose bills are short and conical.) 



SPARROWS AND FINCHES. 



Fine songsters. Bills short, stout, cone-shaped, 

 for cracking seeds. 



Spanvzi's — Comparatively small, dull plumaged 

 birds, with striped backs, males and females similar. 



Finches — Bright plumaged birds, females duller 

 than males. 



VIREOS. 



Small olive-green or gray-backed, white-breasted 



birds. Bills, long and slender, for holding worms. 

 Songs, loud. Nests, pensile and delicate. 



WARBLERS. 



Plumage, mostly variegated and brilliant. Fe- 

 males generally duller than males. Song, in many 

 cases only a trill. Food, insects. Habits, nervous, 

 restless. 



THRUSHES. 



Brown-backed, white-breasted birds, size of robin, 

 or smaller. Bills, long and slender, fitted for worm 

 diet. Habits, phlegmatic; pensive birds, fond of sit- 

 ting motionless on lower branches of small trees. 

 Finest of American songsters. 



ARBITRARY CLASSIFICATIONS OF BIRDS DESCRIBED IN THE FOREGOING ARTICLE. 



1. Birds Found in Certain Localities. 



1. About or near Houses. — Robin, chipping sparrow, 



song sparrow, junco, chimney swift, crow black- 

 bird, warbling vireo, yellow-bellied woodpecker, 

 tree sparrow, fox sparrow, brown creeper, oriole, 

 phoebe, purple finch, chickadee, catbird, red- 

 eyed vireo, nuthatch. 



2. In Gardens and Orchards. — Catbird, bluebird, 



waxwing, cuckoo, oriole, kingbird, kinglets, 

 hummingbird, warbling vireo, yellow-throated 

 vireo, yellow-bellied woodpecker, purple finch, 

 goldfinch, summer yellowbird, warblers, cow- 

 bird, least flycatcher, yellowhammer. 



3. In Fields and Meadows. — Meadowlark, cowbird, 



nighthawk, crow, bank swallow, barn swallow, 

 cliff swallow, vesper sparrow, field sparrow, 

 bobolink, red-winged blackbird, snowflake, 

 song sparrow. 



4. In Bushes and Clearings. — White-throated spar- 



row, song sparrow, chipping sparrow, tree spar- 

 row, lield sparrow, white-crowned sparrow, 

 junco, Maryland yellowthroat, kinglets, che- 

 wink, brown thrasher, rose-breasted grosbeak, 

 catbird, robin, purple finch, goldfinch, winter 

 wren. 



5. By Streams and Rivers. — Phoebe, waxwing, bank 



swallow, kingfisher, yellow warbler, red-winged 

 blackbird, Maryland yellowthroat. 



6. In Woods. — Thrushes, wood pewee, ovenbird, 



black and white creeper, woodpeckers, junco, 

 nuthatch, grouse, great crested flycatcher, che- 

 wink, whippoorwill, tree sparrow, fox spar- 

 row, brown creeper, scarlet tanager, chickadee, 

 Blackburnian warbler, crossbills, vireos, red- 



start, black-throated blue warbler, yellow- 

 rumped warbler, winter wren. 



7. Edge of Woods. — Rose-breasted grosbeak, cow- 



bird, redstart, wood pewee, woodpeckers, king- 

 bird, cuckoo, ovenbird, bluebird, hummingbird, 

 chickadee, chewink, great crested flycatcher, 

 brown thrasher, yellow-bellied woodpecker, tree 

 sparrow, white-throated sparrow, white-crowned 

 sparrow, fox sparrow, brown creeper, thrasher, 

 vireos, oriole, purple finch, junco, warblers, yel- 

 lowhammer, winter wren. 



8. Roadside Fences. — Bluebird, flicker, kingbird, red- 



headed woodpecker, goldfinch, white-crowned 

 sparrow, field sparrow, vesper sparrow, song 

 sparrow, white-throated sparrow. 



9. Thickets. — White-throated sparrow, song spar- 



row, Maryland yellowthroat, chickadee, junco, 

 chewink, brown thrasher, white-crowned spar- 

 row, field sparrow, catbird, Wilson's thrush, 

 warblers (in migration), winter wren (in migra- 

 tion), chestnut-sided warbler. 



10. Pine Woods. — Warblers, kinglets, chickadee, 

 brown thrasher, whippoorwill, white-crowned 

 sparrow, crossbills, purple finch, nuthatch 

 woodpeckers. 



n. Size CoMrAKEu with the Robin. 



SMALLER than THE ROBIN. 



I. Less than half as large. — Kinglets, chipping spar- 

 row, goldfinch, chickadee, nuthatch, Black- 

 burnian warbler, summer yellowbird, Maryland 

 yellowthroat, redstart, winter wren, least fly- 

 catcher, hummingbird, tree sparrow, field spar- 

 row, brown creeper, yellow-throated vireo, war- 

 bling vireo. 



