PARASITES OF ANIMALS. 339 
petite fails, the animal leaves its fellows and may be found in 
a corner of the pasturage or under a tree, its skin covered 
with vermin and flies, which it no longer has the vigor to 
brush off. The patient finally dies in a state of extreme 
weakness. 
Worms in the bowels often form a serious complication, 
though one too much overlooked. From the presence of 
these arise indigestions, tympany (bloating), and above all, 
diarrhoea, which rapidly exhaust the strength and hasten 
death. . 
The parasites found in the intestines of oxen in such cases 
are chiefly: the Strongylus radiatus, in the small intestines, 
and the Tricocephalus affinis and occasionally the Sclerosto- 
mum hypostomum in the larger intestines. These are merely 
the common parasites of the ox, which increase in direct ratio 
with the debility and the improper condition of the aliments. 
The same holds good in the horse and ass. In similar condi- 
tions their small intestines contain the Ascaris megalocephala, 
and their large intestines the Sclerostomum equinum, the 8. 
tetracanthum and the Oxyuris curvula. To describe these 
worms at length would unnecessarily extend this paper, and 
serve no good purpose. 
Duration.—In ordinary cases, calves will live two or three 
months after being attacked, although the blocking up of the 
windpipe or principal bronchial tubes by pellets of worms, — 
or the accumulation in the lungs of ova and embryos to the 
extent of causing a general inflammation, may at any time pre- 
cipitate death. Mr. Swift’s calves died at periods of from 
nine to fifteen days after they were noticed to be ill.’ * * 
‘¢ Prevention—T wo indications present themselves as calcu- 
lated to prevent this disease:—I1st. To prevent the worms 
from gaining access to the system; and 2d. To bring the an- 
- imal into a condition unfavorable to the development and 
destructive work of the worms. 
Under the first head might be mentioned many specific pre- 
cautions: 1st. In localities where the parasite is known to 
exist, lambs or calves should not be depastured on land recently 
