FAMILY COLIMACEA. 109 



1. Pupa secale. Rye-grain Pupa. 



Shell ; elongately cylindrical, compressly umbilicated, fulvous brown, 

 glossy, whorls eight to nine, convex, obliquely 

 densely ridge-striated, aperture squarely 

 ovate, slightly sinuated above, furnished 

 with seven conspicuously developed parietal 

 teeth winding into the interior. 



Pupa secale, Draparnaud (1801), Tail. Moll. p. 59. 

 Turbo juniperi, Montagu (1803), Test. Brit. p. 340. 



pi. xii. f. 12. 

 Odostomia juniperi, Fleming (1814), Edin. Encyc. vol. 



vii. part i. p. 76. 

 Torquilla secale, Studer (1820), Kurz. Verz. p. 89. 

 Chondrus secale, Hartmann (1821), Syst. Gast. p. 50. 

 Helix ( CochlodontaJ secale, Eerussac (1822), Tail. Syst. p. 64. 

 Jaminia secale, Bisso (1826), Hist. Nat. Eur op. Merid. p. 89. 

 Abida secale, Leach (1831), Brit. Moll. \). 165. 

 Vertigo secale, Turton (1831), Brit. Moll. p. 101. 

 Granaria secale, Held (1837), Isis, p. 918. 

 Pupa juniperi, Gray (1840), Turt. Man. p. 197. 

 Stomodonta secale, Mermet (1843), Moll. Pyr.-Occid. p. 51. 

 Pupa (Torquilla) secale, Moquin-Tandon (1855), Hist. Moll. vol. ii. p. 366. 



pi. xxvi. f. 26 to 29. 

 Hob. Central and Southern Europe. Nearly throughout England, but 



chiefly in the south and west. Not in Scotland or Ireland. (Under 



stones and in crevices of rocks and trees, or among wet moss, chiefly 



in chalky districts.) 



In this, the largest of our Pupae, the shell is composed of from 

 eight to nine whorls, two whorls more than that of any other British 

 species, and it is more elongated. Pupa secale is moreover the only 

 British species in which the surface of the shell is densely obliquely 

 ridge-striated throughout, after the manner, though in a more deli- 

 cate form, of the Clausilice. It is the best species for examining 

 the structure of the aperture. The projections usually called teeth 

 are, it will be seen, parietal ridges winding into the interior, and 

 may be seen through the shell from the outside. " They are," Dr. 

 Gray well observes, " foldings of the substance of the shell, caused 

 by some withdrawing of the mantle of the animal in the part im- 

 mediately in connection with them. They are produced by a sudden 

 contraction of the part which forms a mould for the newly deposited 

 portion of the shell." 



