FAMILY LYMN^ACEA. 161 



Helix stagnalis a&d fragilis, Linnaeus (1758), Sgst. Nat. lOtk edit. p. 774. 

 JBuccinum stagnate, Miiller (1774), Verm. Hist, part ii. p. 132. 

 Turbo stagnalis, Da Costa (1778), Test. Brit. p. 93. pi. v. f. 11. 

 Buccinum fragile, Studer (1788), Faun. Helo. Coxe, Trav. in Sivitz. vol. iii. 



p. 434. 

 Bulimus stagnalis, Bruguiere (1789), Enc. Meth. Vers, vol. i. p. 303. 

 Lymncea stagnalis, Lamarck (1801), Sgst. Anim. sans vert. p. 91. 

 Lymnus stagnalis, De Montford (1810), Conch. Sgst. vol. ii. p. 263. 

 Lymnaa fragilis, Fleming (1814), 18dm. Fncyc. vol. vii. p. 77. 

 Bulimus fragilis, Lamarck (1822), Anim. sans vert. vol. vi. part 2. p. 23. 

 Buccinum roseo-labiatum, Wolf (1823), Sturm, Deutsck. Faun. sect. 6. 



part 1. 

 Limneus major, Jeffreys (1830), Trans. Linn. Soc. Bond. vol. xvi. p. 375. 

 Stagnicola elegans, Leach (1831), Turt. Man. p. 145. 



Stagnicola vulgaris, Hartmann (1842), Erd. und Silss. Qast. pi. viii. f. 12. 

 Limncea (Lymnus) stagnalis, Moquin-Tandon (1855), Hist. Moll. vol. ii. 



p. 471. pi. xxxiv. f. 17 to 20. 

 Limncea rapMdia, Bourguignat (1860), Rev. et Mag. de Zool. no. 1, 2. 



Amen. Malac. vol. ii. p. 184. pi. xviii. f. 6, 7. 



Hob. Nearly throughout Europe. Siberia. Cashmere. England, chiefly 

 midland and southern counties, and Ireland. (In slow streams, canals, 

 ponds, marshes, etc.) 



This fine species stands alone among the Lymnceacea of the 

 Eastern Hemisphere for the conspicuous prominence of its size. 

 In the Western Hemisphere, it is represented in a remarkable 

 degree of parallelism by the Lymncea jugularis of Lake Superior, 

 distinguished by the same prominent assemblage of characters. It 

 ranges in this country with L. auricularia, not being found in Scot- 

 land, and appearing extremely rare and local in England, north of 

 the midland counties. In the Danube and other parts of Southern 

 Europe, L. stagnalis attains a larger size than in any part of 

 Britain. It is recorded by G-erstfeldt and Middendorf in their lists 

 of Siberian species, and, according to Morelet, it has been collected 

 by Jacquemont in Cashmere. 



The animal of L. stagnalis is of a dusky fawn or yellowish-grey 

 colour, variously speckled with brown and opake-white dots. The 

 shell is remarkably sharply acuminated, composed of only six 

 whorls convoluted necessarily in a constricted manner towards the 

 sutures. Its variations are limited, the most distinct being a deli- 

 cate and rather slender form, which has been named L. fragilis, re- 

 sulting probably from the circumstance of its inhabiting more tran- 



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