TRE GARDENERS CERN IES 
89 
Fesrvary 6, 1858.] 
lari rity, and especial ndosm mose, a 
of the pianadk E i or 
or fòr the Forma kon 
inc s, &c , or 
to e 
oa that they are = fhe capal able of fusie arg to the 
joe ie of our tre ees, without the aid of the 
} nd which, as 
draws the liquids towards rif organs, E 
remo gin thos j e substances which hav 
ata telik E which | require e to be eliminated, or 
those which have to be ied t o othe er par ts of the 
ogether with that arising from the decomposition | of 
the carbonic acid taken directly from the air by 
| respira ation. 
The ls produced by the descending sap serv: 
| the follow’ he hse ii te ascent of the juices. They 
filled therewith as the vegetation is very 
b 
e in 
think, 
must prevent tl them from descending : now the 
not " assist i 
this general movement 
after rising ; 
tai, semti: J also think that Nature never rll 
that ‘constitutes pa Edy but this name is 
„given to defin ite currents, more perceptible | 
J 
ndos. 
ut usua ally em oe “Bismi when nr jnices 
| Sexe from the soil become less abundant o: 
| altogether. 
The reise which I described in a memoir 
end on the Ta hand, the part attribut at to 
is in neom mpatible with the constitution of plants nts. 
e 
+ tn tink 
r read 
Academy on ag a J sa 1853, prove in the 
ours the 
the Peat through its iets length fi 
ps 
cnn which causes liquids to rise by the lign neous 
p. 
alti is to this double current that I give the name of | 8 
I have also indicated the venous 
In or der 
TW. ee Soe nd by the 
Da’ ould be acco omplished, kay 
density of hes e juices ey puree ntly increase as 
rise (this i what has been observed); and this density 
must porous in eA through the leaves from 
the ligneo ore ee e bar , and in descending from | 
cell to cell in the rior of the epee tissue (At |. 
the last meeting of “the Ardeny, i ated that these 
lations vessels, which 
have other fenton ‘We d not, moreover, recur 
prod hich takes lice; as I have stated, in the 
laticiferous vessels. 
he great circulation is 
Bing the eee, vessels have 
hich 
observed in all vascular 
not yet been 
essels, 
he seat Aei et mE coma of an ascend- 
oe. current. 
descending sap ; 
} d to the progress of this 
sap, b means pe) ligatur: or of spiral, annular, or 
semicircular decortications, the course of the sap*may 
be chan Se asu. rigin to very 
sinnous 
oblique or ity 
Sopena y v erticaliy, "that i 
the and o which the es which is not gene- 
sim dine! to that of the poron 
of these saig show the currents 
sap progressing through the cells of ‘the = 
of the 
ively t 
D 
current, until an equilibrium of density was estab- 
| asce 
mg swe Sol t the endosmotic theory have 
t 
beri ; that 
Whe n Chis 
forating the cells from above downwards 0 
nt comme: ie all P Ai bal Pey atw e nu 
which they contain 
tive substances ava 
o | by assimilation. Agere dissolved no o doubt iy eA 
and converted in ag deer as has bee by MM. 
Paye to og on pret the 
en and Persoz, is carried 
cellular multiplication i is to take'place. The starch of 
e base of the bu ds serves for the ali mentati on of the 
eae 
zontally, l - obliges, or 
v7 
e facts tte evidently that it is the cireula- 
essels, that is to say, that it is 
rough the w: 
| there are only simple call dens 
fil t made by some anatomists 
pas part of the plant, which very eee also receives | 
me by the medullary rays. It i is under 
| to the existence of the "rcalation in the laticiferous 
st ruon e of 
ui 
tion of the liquids pa from we i as over 
icone the layer of Sie cells “(generative layer, also 
ished, and that th t possess the im im- 
ing current could not bgt As this” is Bah the case, a the multiplication of cells commences. „This oe [eae hich they assign r5 w as we see the dotted 
eous. A for e distinct pres at starting ougtd ome place > 
e lea’ es, for in in many of o exis er these 
and moreo 
anatomi sts, shuld ome that there is not svg 
hat of the gases taken am ane 3 atmospiere 
thus there are in a paana other mov: 
he asce: pridne m 
a” “This sap, in its 
into al the ry the substances neces- | 
cells assimilate the 
reservoirs, ntial oils, 
hawar do a amtaa. a liquid of greater agt jaza vaa for 
which these essential oils paye an affinity. Here agai n, 
therefore, ose has no part in the 
ts than that of | the 
nce of the leaves. 
goes during the progress sap. ng i 
it already contains anyi principles which may 
assist in the nutriti ion of the leaves ånd buds fn which 
wie teeny 
admit purely physical causes to 
below w up- 
wards) ; but in the spring these ae = indebted for 
their first develo opme ent especially 
gorik phenomena is 
again 
wih ind to the spongiole ; for this extremity of 
Cy eer mary 
es in the lea 
organs dev: eloped, arrives 
Magaz 
THIS s 
e alimentary ripen: 
d@’Ar 
The sap, which on its way takes nite in ‘the i a 
appeara majority of these cells do not 1 see any 
These p mena gs their appearance with | visible by means of our most powerful mi s. 
the ascent of the rising, undergoes an | And then there are ed vessels which are evi- 
elaboration, with which I am ok sufficiently acquainted | dently com supe’ cells, aa transverse 
to of it at greater length; I shall content myself partitions of which — eo wide (the 
with indicating the beautiful haaat f iot, rmed of ‘mage cells with 
which have shown us the mee which sugar under his). Annals and 
of thi i ascent 
very thin walls, are ae parazna of t 
zine of Natural History. 
iang Ala pimeina PEAR 
has been remarkable for the s premature 
ning pri "itek Pears, the is, Beurré 
Easter and eve Rance 
mere accide i 
I and rot” so early in the 
iy ito name. Let us see, therefore, how far this com 
parison is feos 
i fre donc the origin roots, I have shown 
that Bare toss, the formation of which causes 
the e elana the roots, ar Bau ge Aonig their 
kth ment by a sort of Tittle « cap, which 
fth 
+ 
r thi n | 
the pileorhiza. It actually envelopes the extremity 
like a cay is be easily observ: 
Beny, ‘pani destitute ve er The pert ee! a 
absor ‘bed and then ap apna during 
had this autumn a very large collection of some 
o | mara of sorta from m my specim: men trees, in most cases 
“i 
eat part r rath „The sap, thus modified under the 
influence of iration, takes its course through the 
cortical cells which it nourishes. It then a ids in „the 
to watch the ripening kinas. I had them. 
o ye on nee front = Bo bt ed of slates, ina lean 
green 
_ becomes destroyed. The e ming dis- 
most rizontal seri 
ank ae horizontally jagte e TA a new layer of | cover 
int bres and cage mgt rays; npr eee 
aa whilst its is take a which is oldest, are the 
beco: 
produced in A portion 
dis- | The excess of the ap Pesaro sap whieh i is not e ae woe I 
i thicken- 
_ aggregated, could alone piye given the idea of a 
: oa Ade Papin the , power of cara 
extrem 
ing those first developed, dakar through certain of 
+ Ailates them ‘orates them 
n of these | 
near be apane egy the Pears 
, and as he 
very w and fhere 5 
the doors ms V antilatoti Sr 
house less 
es them take all the characters o 
cells, which, during the first K-i of their 
t, resembled all t r ba oem ijoeer subse- 
and maki 
that these 
a 1, 
of that 
who admit the spongiole, ` have never- 
dpi to be of a totally diffe 
It is his vascular forma’ ag a hich epe place, as we 
pense of cells ori- 
see, 
7 
. W072 
Toots, of Samant cells to which they attribute a sha 
in absorption. I hold H . 
Atat icri 
has Ted ine authors of the peak of descen 
Pome led to belie ve that, even in the 
Toots of trees, the whole of the surface is endowed wit 
the bing li 
y of observi 
spring, that the dead part ofthe bark 
with a considerable hg and of ss er 
probably be yielded to the living parts o 
The liquids abeor absorbed by the 
i y roots, by the f 
D force which wi ‘oie know by its ts Me eat ly 
are con 
Dapresaitet "eat 
which ies 
the roo 
cognise 
| leaves. 
of which they did not ps 
ethan a gear As roots of the buds o; 
Bot all the sip sticthed by the Gd or new cells, 
whether for their increase in size Gee ke Chie 
production of ee gine: oc h 
ste atte fot sien. 
the cells. These onl a part of its elements 
Mag 
es, that | throu, 
aera fibres | gla: 
ing van Ge 
ov 
e of my foremen to r ter Pears to: 
the pa me pee te al ti this that ought to ripen'in 
November in fully exposed to t 
gh tl aoi glass s with jatar Poke ligas 
ccid 
are 
f| and reject t the rest. 
éssential oile &e 
l eee ee Bd 
liar reservoirs, from which it is afterwards 
wards ;* or the eer ripest a ers are taken up by 
t These juices uices rise into 
7 en, Tedy pict aa towards the roots 
th Gale Maok sh 
extent ofthe plant, i think A Cont would be advisab! 
t circulation, give the name 
r 
E 
Yy, in the 
ch carry them back into the 
vessels yescls properly so o called I (enc ia tke inoar capentstion ion). 
batanes R ee are 
o; cohen ORAA caadised Dy The ack ion of 
tis oxygen drivel from the air, whieh penetrates even just 
andards wi 
ae i of greir Da some specimens in the green 
house kept pena sound till the middle ot D 
Beurré did not ri 
es till the atr week in 
and Winter Nais bavajust 
being 
py on its pics into the leaves under the influence 
of light, its oxygen is poured out 
* Itis undoubtedly emissionsof this nature and of this origin 
that constitute what pee called the tions, of the roots, 
Wara ie, agriculture seeks to turn to acco in the rotation 
of crops, 
is prese 
into the atmosphere 
3 
uring day in 
frvoarhble. bo to the ripening o 
that much watery juice is taken off by e eripi. 
