182 
THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE. 
qm K 
ne closed i in ae -o wular groups lh 
of |t 
position of starch, de xtrine, RE ea 
in catinadoreiitie amount. The Intter, wide h ma 
ores sented by gu 
which we apply o 
question. 
Gum arabic differs 
ourselv 
es in our attempt to solve this 
very strikingly in its endosmotic 
mt g 
(3; the flui 
| this 
m arabic, must be the first ma ten rs o| Vix 
into an adjacent ¢ 
closed space, within this | 
given ti ime, ston se ces 
turg ago cell 
in a rcums stanc 
eivi 
at 
d to the extent € of t 
respec Vine ais gers > favourable con- 
ditions than can be in any wa; ape a ae gek 
The two-year-old 
[Fesrvary 7 , 1838, 
infested “with small ma ggots of a bright 
| and oval form, their bodies divided i into 
Yellow is 
These comple 
‘the winged flies the 
| fov 
| transfor matio ons, and i gave out 
p +o Ins siz Ze, Dumber 
of 
1e exhibits 56.60 med ‘alle ays ge ery: 
root 10 mM. (0.39 inch) rset wed eae (ol nch) 
diame ater, r, therefore, a surface of : about 6000 “square 
"te if 
4 
Europe, Dut rots is described by M pee runt. 
voli. p. 162), o Bove td Pages: ban me fee the 
t 1e abdome en kish, Hen 
mat. (2 
behaviour from the subst: wage w whic h, like Glauber’ 
salt, common salt, sugar, &c., have be en hitherto used cubic MM. (. 4A Teab ‘neh "The sap driven apwarts E The Soothes? r Midge i is s scarcely the tenth da 
almost exclusively as criteria t | by f the n in ngs. It is ofa 
gists in the du — of “endos smotic phenome na. | in the wood with tissues (the medullary rays) resemb- | ye ellow colour, the ‘thorax = than the a 
Solution of arated gon pure wa ling those which origina ated its ascent, ar and by contact | of a wax- -yellow hue ack ; 
permeable aretha no matter whether of Aaa or with which its = must be i i Fesh incre: — 12 joints, separated ne fe alin e podies on on e thin ai 
vegetable omgin, only a risa water, giving no gam | I endeayoure > establi sh with appar ania are short ¢ pto with 
to the water in exchange, on indice hes any a potas which shoal ra iida ends, their arcely sae tha ble i 
lants in presentin rie d prear e 
i 
hydrostatic pressure of the i inner or ou iter fluids is care- 
ru evented by their height. 
sy to ma ake the expe riment with convincing 
« ee 
by 
| 
Ss 
like se occurring in g 
spaces xc yl lindrie al | glass tubes with their hone clos 
where the substanc: capable 
d W en with w wees on 0 
firme ‘the external, and distilled water t Lad internal 
fluid. 98,128 gramm pol sewage fs 
grains) of water had ise into a solution of gum of 
$ , the remainder of the m on fluid, | 
still 30,872 grammes (176. 8 grains), left in ration 
ep Bo x. residuum of 0,008 pruna a 12 edits). B solid 
tit 
E hat De attr ibute d 
side mse on the other with s spaces either 0] dal oa or closed 
rtifici ia 
“Diae the J 
Usk 
gth sc 
ba poe yellow, faintly tinged with & 
eir tips; wings hyaline, faintly y tinged 
It y is probable that those flies which come 
latter part o of J uly deposit a ps aril crop of ms 
r else resort me other iN 
merc ury, into | which latter he arti 
ts 
e flu 
ature, and that the hehe “which come 
id which it 
“its was provided that the fluid minapi 
| in nits interior. 
thes o ees lie in the ground during the wi nter; 
erceive how, otherwise, Pias 
4 
E: 
+ 
Bac ader rarke 'emmtamination of “the water. 
vi ‘ent bt rid passed in one direction ony, from the 
sel se e a an equivalent ” of | 
ei theni of pnta the Alt trate is be considera 
lower concentration than the original fluid.* The € 
sity la sent gare of favor of fas nal co ina | 
The | 
in TER as the latter 5 was more concentra A 
e op antity of ted rg te a cel with 
ts capable of endosmose, after sorbed | 
Nene ert bearer ag rs the utmost, is S determined by | 
three fac e en dosmostic force of the co ents, | 
out in the lat 
| tr membranes by which the it t} ung it oa 
| apparatus was psie E ith the water. The e xere eting ar fenit upon the s Cay Bes 
age! 1r suming a ino, 4 
in and all w h falls t to the ground, si $ 
fitted, air- A one or more short Sr „tubes pies and frown a the fire, to dest 
| Alled ber: ontain. By attention & 
| membranes. Other apparatus of the kind was wo con ta of this insect in the eg 
| structed that the active endosmotic substan easily pa up, whereas, if this step is ate 
firmly fastened up in a little ade of a dilas evil will be wr “og to continue year afte 
iece of Rice-paper, pe the artificial cell ag fashioned Noxious Ins 
laid upon the membrane closing a glass n 
EE water. ; 
me Corresp raru 9 
into 
In tes cases the absorbing and the excreting sur- 
faces measured only 42 square M square inch ). 
It is ok per therefore, that the quantity + a 
excreted under such circumstances but 
compared with that leapt am 
living plant in the same _ When 
rom the 
the artificial cell 
—Dublin.— 
on : 
Tow ardens think . it but joie 
towards the peg. iez 
Taaa 
gin arabic ao. per. ra of rie an average 
One would almost imagine other he 
by these crore and the degree to which the mem- 
con- 
‘brane will allow the filtration of a portion of the co 
tents, in consequence the continually increasing | w. 
e lti the endosmotic absorption of | 
4 
al the ergs ts ont pe 
ent o = A 
hen weaker solutions were used ) 
about 0.05 grammes 07 77 co) of io the excreted 
which depe the 
„ which under some conditions goes so fa 
rst the cell-wall. he excretion of fluid from the | The 
o rable, it is rede 
absorbing. Still 
from t the _non-absorbing parts of the cell-membrane 
tion i we. omea ng ia 
the first yong about 3 6 se oe n the 
to 1} ‘per c When Seas ale "titted to's Cesari 
of this Boa. the mer ascended slowly but Pperaily |b 
Righest.1 portion of f the pe of repens hitherto 
hes). It 
y impro 
and for once are aa oT T Me a their Lala 
ust tha 
oly . (8.6 ine iwaya describe. Now I am 
experiment nea “this point, | appearance. v 
he branes closing the apparatus against | gardener who seems to enter into the spiri 
the outside water began mi he has during the pas 
ne, mewed the e: 
periments are insufficient to. bel the | flower beds have been well manu: 
phenomenon of bleeding in plants. Not on unt of now stocked wi 
the small height to which the column of oi was ite Candytuft, 
lifted, fo: is would e doubtless attained a far| Japonica, Laburnum, as 
greater elevation if it had been possible . int the | which ook fresh and w 
(mem ian ioe ioe AG ew Br 
the ecl menib obstacles (greai ater thickness of this 
membrane, Jere S peremeabil ity semalting 
pat 
=P Saninpr: cells). ias conditions ea 
fulfilled in the 
tgs 
roots. 
rays and interior of the 
e su 
yi in the R pare parts | 
of the root, will only wi with Benity allow Has to Aiter | 
š the interior of the plant to its surface. 
amount of subsane soluble or swelling to a Jelly i = 
he Vine is very considerable. 
grated wood of e root “dried at 40° C. (Se Far) 
beng jaa a wans 
compared mith the sap issuing te ae od par be 
no easy mai 
W Parker | is always at te 
the organs of plants. | that a stone is not astray. know 
At was very differen 
with sul which ei tai but gates A aa] = grown in acity; bcs y a nA ree 
up into.a jelly ; with pectine . When s with ev few tr aea 
peat: ine was used in the purest if Tialle state, its action 
was but slow, but it was ERRA by a slight addition 
The excreted fluid then equalled i x a 
m the para of gam 
up with the gone ale 
Sosa 
surely it is worth one w. 
cannot glory in such luxuries 
a Rose. A Dublin Subs 
agreeing in its physical 
Behavior to to water an 
bstance occurring abun 
the Vind gered under conditions correspon 
n | those under which it exists in a eo ects 
resemb! essential respects t 
P 
A ELE and 
membranes, with 
i tea thay in all t 
Soe eoat sags ion 88 per page i egal 
a Ee of e r 3.7 per cent. of solid sub- eee 
oft at a gentle | THE GOOSEBERRY MIDG 
: heat was bright golden yellow; from shoots of the t Een l 3 
Set r property Tr is common to find upon “the Gooseberry bushes 
it no lon ger possessed w when obtained in June. A small 
rungtity’s soluble in water, but the greater part only | ine wyscarance, tn the yor yous frakt at memati 
iia cps of ocho substances Walandi | © ear ie Sears much of the frie 10st in a 
‘ape e caused eds « ripening of the 
same 
The tension attained by the fluid excreted by al state, 
* id filtration t h 
pr rss egg T by W. Schmidt in ol 98, p. —— 
being made 
ag 
7J 
ot 
D. 
peers ait 
y pases solution of 
especially c! ariy with a laminaof Cork. 
This property is shown 
f the root cut at the | the 
sects puncturing and depositing thei: 
avai praia insects whi hs thie ct cas 
of these appears to 
| of moth which I have not yet obtained in its SAPE 
ate. -The other is = abe —s a small two- | 
ringed fly, of the genus Cecidomyi oe 
lide. pos owe ee 
ayi in July, their pulp was found to Sh he pirat and | 
found the sap of the Vine continue in the beginni f 
| Aprl OOT to DAS, eent., in the middle of July 0.16 per cent, | M 
in it. 
i be 
y 
roof that a substance fully 
in particular its | 7 
mandantly in the roots of 
h 
es | from t 
lies close at hand by whic 
ight be grea eatly 1 
h the expense 
one ae ‘ 
end with a perforated boss 
lid substances) be carried hea the r 
involves ni ing that cai 
paleo ft 
extreme state of dilution no 
cas aie hark et. from wai sovier in a 
pose os such a m 
ould be sufficient to preserve 
