16 SPOKOZOA. 



parasites of birds and the part played in their transmission by 

 Culex mosquitoes. His discoveries were confirmed by Daniel Is 

 (1899, 1900), Stephens and Christophers (1903), and Christo- 

 phers (1904). Cornwall (1901), Donovan (1909), and Cragg and 

 Naidu (1918) recorded olaservations on the morphology of the 

 malarial parasites. In more recent years important contri- 

 butions have been made to our knowledge of the morphology 

 of these parasites by Acton, Curjel, and Dewey (1921), Knowles 

 (1923), Lai (1925), Knowles and Senior White (1927), Clark 

 (1927), Hehn (1927), Row (1928, 1930), Knowles, Acton, 

 and Das-Gupta (1929), and Knowles (1931). Sinton (1929) 

 has published a complete bibliography of the hterature 

 deahng with malaria in India. Papers dealing with trans- 

 mission by various species of Anophehnes and the seasonal 

 incidence of malaria include (among others) those of Stephens 

 and Christophers (1902), James (1903), Bentley (1911), James 

 and Liston (1912), J. R. & H. Adie (1913), Gill (192.5), James, 

 Nicol, and Shute (1927), Carter and Jacocks (1929), Carter 

 (1930), Knowles, Senior White, and Das-Gupta (1930), King 

 (1931), and Iyengar (1931-4). The distribution of the various 

 species of malarial parasites has been dealt with by Christo- 

 phers and Sinton (1926), and the distribution of different 

 species of Anopheline carriers in important monographs by 

 Covell (1927, 1931). 



The malarial parasites of monkeys have been studied by 

 Knowles (1919), Donovan (1920), Knowles and Das- Gupta 

 (1932, 1934), Smton and Mulhgan (1933), Smton (1934), and 

 Mulhgan (1935). Malarial parasites have also been described 

 in various other mammals, viz., by Mackie (1914) in a bat, 

 Sheather (1919) in the buffalo, de Mello and Paes (1923) 

 in the horse, de Mello and colleagues (1928) in the ant-eater, 

 and de MeUo (1936) in the otter, and in various birds by de 

 MeUo (1935). 



Parasites belonging to the family Hsemoproteidse have been 

 described by Castellani and Willey (1904, 1905), Acton and 

 Knowles (1914), Alcock (1914), Adie (1915), de Mello and 

 colleagues (1917), de MeUo and Raimundo (1934), de Mello 

 (1935), and de Mello and Afonso (1935). 



The Piroplasmids have also been studied by a number of 

 workers. Lingard and Jennings (1904) were the earhest to 

 observe these parasites in various animals. Webb (1906) 

 observed them in fox-hounds and Axe (1906) in horses. 

 Christophers (1907) described the developmental stages of 

 Piroplasma canis in the tick, and Patton (1910) described 

 P. gibsoni from the dog and the jackal. Baldrey (1911), 

 Gaiger (1911), and Symons and Patton (1912) also studied 

 the Piroplasmids. Sinton (1921) described Nuttallia ninense 

 from the hedgehog, Rau (1926) and Symons (1926) studied the 



