GBAHAMELLA. 321 



Bartonella, McCamson& Mula Singh, 1931, pp. 945-9. 

 Grahamia, Nietz, Alexander & du Toit, 1933, pp. 263-71. 

 Bartonella, Donatien & Lestoquard, 1934, pp. 650-2 ; Adler & 



Ellenbogen, 1934, pp. 219-21 ; Kikuth, 1934, pp. 1241-50. 



Lestoquard, 1934, pp. 650-2 ; Adler & Ellenbogen, 1934, pp. 219- 



21. 

 (Bartonella), Topley & Wilson, 1936, pp. 710-11. 

 Qrahamella, Topley & Wilson, 1936, p. 712. 



Parasites minute ; rounded, oval or more usually rod- 

 like bodies, showing an irregular staining, a blue cytoplasmic 

 portion being distinguishable from a red chromatinic part. 

 Rods may be straight or shghtly curved, and forms with 

 a red- staining granule at each end with a constriction in the 

 middle suggest that reproduction is by binary fission. One, 

 two or as many as fifty may infect the same red corpuscle 

 or an endothehal cell. 



Remarks. — Graham-Smith (1905) described these bodies in 

 red blood- corpuscles of moles. Brumpt (1911), who en- 

 countered the same structures in the red blood-corpuscles of 

 moles in France, described them as a new genus. Other 

 observers have found similar structures in the red blood - 

 corpuscles of various other mammals. Wenyon (1926) 

 thought that there was little evidence for regarding them as 

 parasites, and still less that they were Protozoa. Structurally 

 they resemble bacilli more than any other organisms. KJaowles 

 (1928) supported this view. Reichenow (1929), Kudo (1931), 

 and Calkins (1933) have left them out of consideration, 

 probably because they do not believe them to be Protozoa. 



Very similar organisms were found in, human red blood- 

 corpuscles and placed in a new genus called Bartonella. 

 These are beheved to be the causal agents of two diseases, 

 namely, Oroya fever and Verruga peruviana, occurring in 

 man in Peru. The former is a fever with marked anaemia, 

 and the latter a nodular eruption of the skin. Strong, Tyzzer, 

 Brues, Sellard, and Gastiaburu (1915) estabHshed that these 

 diseases are distinct, and gave the name Bartonella bacilliformis 

 to the organism associated with Oroya fever. Noguchi and 

 Battistini (1926) succeeded in cultivating the organism in vitro. 

 They also succeeded in inoculating the form into Macacus 

 rhesus (Audeb.). Noguchi in a series of papers (1926, 1927) 

 has further shown that on subpassage in monkeys the virulence 

 of the organism was increased, and it produced more marked 

 anaemia than at first. Tb<^ organism was constantly present, 

 as shown by culture, in tiie lymph glands, less often in the 

 spleen, bone-marrow, and heart-blood. Inoculation of the 

 monkey might produce either Oroya fever or Verruga peruviana, 

 or both the conditions simultaneously. He also established by 

 cross-immunity experiments that the two conditions were 

 caused by the same virus. He further succeeded in transmitting 



SPOK. Y 



