550 THE AGRICULTURAL Seman Cot 
i SE 
BRAININ q VEMENT. | point. T of drainage is to cause air n that one akg source of fertility and humi 
INING A PERMANE Si 5 om ai re the pl previously oecupi by water, seer ty to whch tlt atmosphere, hi as access to a grea ater mass of Pay Sgm the 
Mr. Parres evidence before the Lords’ Committe | air could tain access ; and the lower portions of | that, in consequence of the depth drained, the lower 
What is your opinion the efficacy | the soil being consi saya S ler he air ¢ a | soil is placed in a condition conti eara abor meii. 
of pipe tiles }—My opinion is quite settled on that | —— of. dew or moisture throughout every part | ture, and t ransmit it upwa ards, whilst a ràpid eva 
t, viz., that the pi r cylinder tile, and the | of when the ‘atmosphere is highly heated. The | tion ma, t surface during a W: a | 
est size used, which is of an inch s the surfaco 'of soil l only is moistened by dew during e ing oe 
known condui nsider | nigl arts of the soil are abstractin ng it| “On wet pasture, or a ined hy Ame, im a dry 
da: autiful | summer, pds ( 
yD 
mi pe drains ? 
nd experience, S 
ay daiis vit a pipe ee | 
had 
eva nit te 
pe 
This be 
Ep 
rom agi Loren ish during the day. 
by Sir Humphr, 
e 
t explained 
e 
mu 
paver eration was firs! 
fandi in the following wo 
from air is 
power: of “Soils e 
y 
[Ave. 9 
peaa p Wo: 
avy,} “Aquatic Grass, which. Poe Houses Ta it in the 
of m moisture 
winter, penn rere 4 consumed fer g 
— Yes; ie aqu 
absorb water 
e upom 
} ad th 
heni this power is anes the ‘plant is uppli 
oisture in dry season 
3 and the effect of apccetion 
il to aa it. If the e soil be ela undead 
orked, and tire clay has shrunk Pato 
nece: 
t of all Jay 200 BP opga of inch 
|i into one soi 
T 
ef 
vapour from the atmosphere by th 
day. 
firs 
d then PE "would lay abou at 200'y of in 
easly er or if 
might finish with inch = seven- pe n m or two DOM 
at the outfall. ipe suffice to con- 
po a di run of 
me ae a ‘pipe e of do 
600 eek and a pipe ny two inches diame r 
fou the area and capacity of an inch 
end of 
duri ng £ 
ps ae gains 
undrained, through the wi 
amped bu 
ge cracks has s0 o close d and harde 
Pipe. 
“ Have you seen the socket-pipe ?— Yes 
think that a great impro rovement on the 
elas 1 No ; T look upon it as quite unnece: xe and 
agreat e evil, beean mse i it at least doubles the e 
exhibits the wi eN e and n 
wet undrained clay. 
$ 2 becom 
what T 
fille: 
sipping t W ‘have a better way of doing dua than 
ket-pipe, namely, Ł ki il 
a- 
have Previously 
cracks, i in a accounting ar the manner in which wa 
h 
P 
interior parts 
„and by both the exterior and |t 
me ssure 
Its age oe is rapidly and en-| stick from 
d with air instead of | The fa act is it wa: 
© 
atmosphere only getar thi 
ome tance 
the crack, and 
the top to the bottom = 
s full of air, and n 
ater | field next to it which had pei ve jut d drained an pe 
stiek 
p >DY g xist, yet these are numerous | not yet o much worked: I e 
enter a large rgerone ; and the no necessity to do that, | and minu te, mpa inde i indiscoverable, after are at all into this soil, for the cm ef re one a ia 
pt in cases tlie you e got oggy or fine'| land has been drained for a or mt The ass ; it was full of water, not air. ope I have 
y - A 5 p! 
sandy soil eal with, in ei the pipes are likely to of the Seodpibaions of superficial dew xpl ia ne my statement quite clear with respect. to the cost 
sink, and then if Poe let o rank — pes om mi = | solely by Dr. nd tl rainage in the t § the tenant farmer 
ly make a n bri “es fect theory. I trust that this simple sama eh = ip practises “it himself, sia is pipes, or when the 
an a ol would “not stand su causes which maintain drained land in a moist s is own pipes, and oe it for 
think I ts them from being wet, will serve a himself. Lest this should not be so; I beg to hand in 
tobe 5 si ay look or m them A illustrate the Sper eis of deep drainage. will be free cronies Tabl 
unnecessary ; i Lew eing unnecessary, W l t various Depths and Distances 
öm Hat vot say, more h per'Mliousinds: 
Sartre ne comm. They would not apply them om | 3 Gs a aa enaigat 
: sage omg ga ould I. S , oF (Total Cost! 
Would n me eo great t the| = epth Distance engt’ _ Cost of Pipes} Pipes} | annie of Authority and 
= g The evil doed i. occur HEt good prac- 2. | of Drains between of Drains digging Drains. = per Drains | Place. 
tice ; we have no instance of it. I never heard an in: | | ee sisi) ere,| Acre.) per Acre-| 
` Stance of any -e eere Sone ag an cing | y | mwi Peas Sac per | per per’ Seas 
: where e been pro y made, | * 0. >» in, ee O! ‘urls od. | Furl. | Acre.) Feet 
z o> a ai a > da, |8 d| 8. d. sd: | & sd 3 
= dy aem game Ag ws alert rt ne o 33 |s. 2 3 30 0/4320} 711 | 2 71 |Uniform Clay: Thomas, „Hammon bo 
F heard { armer, ne; 
manner. The making ‘deep is preserva: ae | Penshurst, Kent. 
tion against their dera Dions ‘of fom three |? | 2. ° 38. | 80 2 3 10 0 (20 0 |1,320| TIP| 1 7 11| Ditto remy Eran Ba 
to four fect deep cannot be injured by any pressure or nant-farmer, 
i : n . hurst, Sussex. 
aetion of imp! ts 1 the surface. — drains are} 3| 3 0 33 80 2 3. s 0 20° 0 (4320 | 71 | 1 71 | Ditto pesca Te 
süperior to s in every point of view ; they farmer; Wool- 
are chea g 'urable; and more effective. Several ee cr at, eee 
farmers in whom I e Mr. £'3 6to# 0f 40 ee 165) 4 |13 4 [22 0 |1,089'| 6 6} E 8° 6)| Ditto Thomas Hammond. 
el poe ai ow, Mr. nent andj 5} 4 0 50 5 1325| 6 a 0 |26 6 | 875-|:5- 3]. 111 9 {Olay with = Ditto. 
have re-drained fie to a greate: t ihe tones 
ith great advantage. ‘The old sh E fu 6 ja @ tose 6 ORES ee Sey See eres A clay per: poner i ee ee a 
@ease to flow, and the deeper drains run sooner’ T | soil ae iow Re nt. 
rains than peer placed more shallow. We havemany| T| * 0 49 |533 1333] 8 (26 S35 6| 9880/5 £] 2 010 Clay super; hard|— Kepping, Hadlow, 
mi h Gravel Bottom) Kent. 
instanees in whie ‘one’s ingle e dee drai in, i in the case of P 66 wo s jae slz s| 6o]l4 110 8 Varias “Cla | Ditto. 
fhe an acre of omen but no man can give æ ru | ae sandy 
te — it as on the massed ry de 913 Gto4 0) 33 he 2 | q} 25 ojo o |1,820).7 11] 217 11 [Clay super; a John Taylor, Tenai 
iviđual the quality of the soil. “ na aime, 
a Wise ie fie mirita off tle depil =My-owit opt Spi “9 re 
nion is, that land should never drained to sa wi? etos 0 30 88 2-2 [Stone Drains, 143d. per Rod for} 5 8 2 |Clay and st Bartlett, 
than: 3 feet, and that 4 feet’ is preferable | digging, “ting * drawing, Loam super, farmer, pei 
ever an outfall can be RA xi ara a it va | Greer eea bee aE gy faa 
rarely ‘that drains n ve ¢6 20 «js? 33 Ditt 3 2 3 |Clay, with some|— Maidment, Tenant 
feet es Boulders in| farmer, near Bu 
` © Ts'there a good dea? of difference of opinion about | oe leigh; Som 
ca ernest carried off a, a tet ? fess HAND VERSUS MACHINES. dency t to capitalise skill as well as wealth, and the 
‘ PEE a difference o of opinion, find| Wrrsovr any wish ma those maehines whic! H be left in the depths of or 
rg aque E A E os My. opinion | "a not oniy aa ork cheaper than = hand n ater of indifference Ho annaa a 
z the: t sources fertility which | shou! isu oe st ‘think there are ma y be. lain lan sE 
Has : "TS n plain guage; 
Tas pat partly af oo anes: sto whiti she | where the handwould be better. Some dibbling machines any, especially of the thinking andi inteligent ma 
cn ap» E to make i go Beeni -naeratan A dibbling machine that costs 600. must either be very | fore they turn their attention exelusi ively to wood) and 
at make it go through thie ground, that it | heavy or very i both hich obit 
demi : may be (and I admit are) for oy on | With a small ortion of ground indeed, whic 
rege The object of draining is to make rain our dry summe: oo hand yet I think it is ~ — y desir I z Tok to thee ividual man — 
friend, and not our enemy ; to’ cause it to: descend able to use no heavy partial presses o i|than to a variet, ‘of machines, Lam endeavouring 
through the soil ; then u it has done its | lands-in , and J ioe wih profit, what.I preach. To 
busy are clever men in search of machines for 
ein 
not think | cost, not for self, but as 
| oan paneer = that 5 do ard only, a apples 
” am ; d eternal 
ought to: stagnate upon it or in it, Ifo i: k rere a aa oak me eck , s — an ke na wo soot still, temporal i wid therefore be 
would turm their attention to the — of tesa Seat 20 importan se =e 
which issues from drains, Id diseover much | fr dering wy y extras 
that is at pre unknown, and p particularly Wheat. ss pps th ‘hand’ as| poorer must be vel } paid, tamale firstbe 
tie superior: effect of deep draining: over shall $ iin rE ob ine 
Will hi e Ig" h encourage and penari the | the ges y is upon raga (unless ade ; 
mama clay =r is cafe ‘moist. meaning The | higt machines. There are questions of the | quite uñteachable o E careless, so a8 “o be tu 
w d anbi wedi ch a 
rin whieh —_ ———- fected i chi > There a aa Dania) that, in many cases, | m sea well, teat S and j ee Pci ce 
We know very well that the atmosphere xe i because m me women, and. children, farm ; they will belay be ‘Tout d anr ° nn in sucll 
gases; but also of aqueous poner obo tno stupid Hence; we often read that “dib- eases, to vga ad Tie e wages ne contingent 
ar ae = KAS dq diligence the von the result 
5 — than pers:cannot be trusted.” It is the duty of the farm te Iddl ; to Have given 
Now, there aa “nao vol kision e vi plan for g Whea! fy aeg but ireo ti 
i e prove rs I ebat ar aaa e from P ar ades v 
t torthat of aqueous erly — erenn ar would ha ig the experimen p= pt 1i 
pra 
i, E will send 3 wird 
is termed. the cme Sevan, cag ane ate “and re 
