describe a kind of insect orientation performance that came to be known 
—in France at least—as Turner’s circling. 
Turner’s interests were not confined to scientific deliberation. He 
devoted much of his life to projects aimed at raising the standard of 
living for blacks. From personal experience, Turner knew full-well the 
problems faced by blacks in America, and especially by black scien- 
tists such as himself. His accomplishments were, therefore, all the more 
noteworthy. In his essay on Turner’s scientific work, Phil Rau paid 
tribute to Turner’s bravery and perseverance. Rau observed: 
The handicaps under which Dr. Turner’s work was accomplished were 
many, and honestly and bravely met. Only one of these [problems] was 
the limitations of a small salary, out of which he was compelled to pur- 
chase his own tools and library for research, since he did not enjoy the 
access to laboratories and institutions where equipment is supplied. And 
when at last one considers the quantity and quality of his scientific 
research work, accomplished under handicaps, and in addition to a full 
life of other activities and unusual efficiency in the classroom, one can 
only say — well done!*é 
Following his death, a school for handicapped black children was 
named in Turner’s honor. Today, this is Turner Middle School, a public, 
integrated junior high school in St. Louis. 
42 
